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2nd EAGE International Conference KazGeo
- Conference date: 29 Oct 2012 - 31 Oct 2012
- Location: Almaty, Kazakhstan
- ISBN: 978-90-73834-37-8
- Published: 29 October 2012
84 results
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Porphyry Cu-Au/Mo Deposits of Central Eurasia - Geodynamics and Metallogeny
Authors R. Seltmann and A. DolgopolovaThis overview summarises the current knowledge on the geodynamic-metallogenic framework for the formation of porphyry Cu-Au/Mo deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (Altaids). It also discusses exploration criteria for the discovery of giant ore systems
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Large-volume Gold Deposits of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Geological Aspects and Potential.
Authors P.A. Mukhin Ltd. and M. KhakimzhanovThe main feature of large-volume gold deposits of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (resources more than 100 tons, low gold grade) is their relation to the suture zones created in the environment of subduction and collision of microplates during amalgamation of Eurasia continent. These deposits have common geology-geochemical features that point out their origin from dehydrated parts of subducted crust. New principle of assessment of suture zones provides capabilities to define new objects for prospecting and exploration of new large volume gold deposits in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
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Historic and Genetic Fundamentals of Kazakhstan Sedimentary Basins Oil and Gas Potential
Authors T.K. Paragulgov and K.K. ParagulgovOil and gas potential historic and genetic fundamentals of Kazakhstan different-typed sedimentary basins are broadly considered. Based on sedimentation volume rate the basin gradation has been accomplished in regards of potential resources and large field discovery probability. For each oil and gas–bearing or oil and gas prospective basin oil and gas source rocks have been identified and main phases of oil and gas generation in the light of geological history of the basin have been traced. Hydrocarbon generation and accummulation spatial and temporary relations as the fundamental factors of sedimentary basin oil and gas potential forecast are ascertained. It has been clearly noted that sedimentary basin oil and gas prospectivity is determined by its evolution staging, and the favourable evolution stages are considered.
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Seismic Stratigraphy and Regional Prospectivity of the Offshore Extension of the South Mangyshlak and North Caspian
More LessThe regional prospectivity of the South Mangyshlak, North Caspian and North Ustyurt basins is hereby presented based on seismic stratigraphic interpretation of 2D seismic lines acquired by CGGVeritas between 2006-2009 in both the central and northern Caspian Sea. The seismic dataset covers part of the offshore extension of each basin. We have identified four mega-sequences within the North Caspian Basin, two mega-sequences within the North Ustyurt basin and three mega-sequences within the South Mangyshlak Basin. The mega-sequences represent discrete phases of basin-fill mainly caused by a combination of tectonic subsidence, sedimentation rate and relative sea level change. These mega-sequences were identified based on seismic reflection terminations on bounding regional unconformities and their correlative conformities. These represent key plate re-organisation episodes and relative sea level change. In the North Caspian Basin, we have identified Devonian-Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic, Jurassic-Cretaceous and Tertiary mega-sequences. The Jurassic-Cretaceous and Tertiary mega-sequences occur in all three basins with similar depositional facies. The Permian-Triassic sequence is different in both depositional history and petroleum play elements in all three basins whilst the Devonian-Carboniferous sequence has been drilled only in the North Caspian basin.
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hyperBeam – an Iterative and Interactive Tool for Velocity Model Building for PSDM
Authors A. Pankov LLP, K. Sherwood and W. SmithDirect integration of the model building system with the compute environment provides a unique new tool for exploration teams. By automating the flow of data and parameters through efficient processing systems, we can finally work interactively with model building systems, allowing interpreters and geophysicists to efficiently interact during the model building process. The integrated collaborative workflow ensures that a fragmented workflow is a thing of the past and brings the geologist and geophysicist closer together. The resulting model accuracy improves the focusing in all imaging algorithms which in turn improves the geological understanding of the area, simplifies references with well data, and reduces drilling uncertainty
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Estimation of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure for One of the Iranian Oil Reservoirs (Laboratory Study)
Authors A. Vahidi, M. Ahmadi, A. Shahraki and M. EmadiThe miscibility condition is determined by conducting displacement tests at various pressures. Recovery is expected to increase by raising the displacement pressure, and however, it will stay almost constant above the MMP. In this study to estimate MMP of one of the Iranian oil reservoirs with pure CO2, a slim-tube test was performed under constant CO2 injection rate at different displacement pressure above the bubble point. Input and output pressures were continusly monitored during the test. The effluent liquid was flashed to atmospheric conditions; it is weighed and its density is measured for calculating the volumetric oil recovery. The produced gases are passed through gas chromatography for compositional analysis. The oil recovery was plotted against the injection pressure at 1.2 pore volume of injection fluid. The results show that the oil recoveries are more than 90% of original oil in place for all pressures with a constant slop above the bubble point pressure. Therefore, MMP should be the same as bubble point pressure. In addition, effluent gas composition, pressure drop across the slim-tube and no methane bank existence confirm the miscible condition.
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Advanced PSDM WEM and RTM Imaging – in the Pre-Caspian Region
We demonstrated the application of migration by wavefield continuation to a field survey from the Pre-Caspian region. The dataset has challenging geology that requires advanced imaging algorithms to handle the complex wave propagation. The algorithms were designed for media with tilted transverse isotropy (TTI). We have illustrated that both WEM and RTM provide good uplift in image quality compared to Kirchhoff as they are able to handle the multi pathing caused by complex salt bodies. We showed that RTM yields good images without dip limitations whereas the one-way solution is a good cost-effective alternative for high frequency, high resolution, subsalt imaging.
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Pore Pressure Prediction in the Caspian and Kazakhstan Regions; Taking a Geological Approach
Authors S.A O'Connor, R. Nadirov, R. Swarbrick, R. Lahann and A. MallonThe Great Caspian is a leading, prolific producer of hydrocarbons; this region consists of the North, Middle and South Caspian. A major issue in exploiting these hydrocarbons is an understanding the varying pressure regimes therein, that are a direct result of the interaction between tectonics, lithology (e.g. salt, carbonates) and rates of sedimentation. Accurate pore pressure prediction is vital for successful and safe drilling in order to exploit these accumulations. We state that a geological approach is vital to supplement the other numerous methods for pore pressure prediction used worldwide and applied commonly in this region. These other methods often rely on shale-dominant lithologies – therefore, in this region using standard shale interpretations will be inaccurate. For instance, In the North Caspian, the Tengiz Field is located under less than 500 feet of Permian salt; above the salt the sediments are hydrostatic, below the Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs are close to lithostatic pressures; in these cases, traditional low temperature shale analysis will give only a partial solution at best. In the South Caspian, reservoirs may be up to 5000 psi naturally drawn-down relative to the shales in fields such as Shah-Deniz via lateral drainage
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Near Surface Velocity Building and Statics Solution from Floating Datum
Authors P.J. Christian, P. Moskalyov and B. LucasThis issue describes the statics calculation from floating datum with using LVL data and tomostatics.
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Approach for heterogeneous characterisation in carbonate reservoir
Authors B.B. Musrepova and A. IvakhnenkoA range of different techniques are being utilized during the determination of the geological, petrophysical and geomechanical properties in the petroleum reservoirs. Possibility in express characterisation of their heterogeneity is one of the promising new techniques, which can be used for the field investigation process. In general, understanding in distribution of heterogeneous characteristic, such as geological facies, permeability and porosity helps to delineate the properties of the petroleum field and better understand its structure. The optimized ways of production can be evaluated based on the received data from such analysis.
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Review of Modern Methods of Prestack Seismic Data Analysis
Authors K. Shikeruk, A. Jangirov and A. ShestakovThis paper demonstrates different approaches of prestack seismic data interpretation depending on data availability, project time frame and field development stage. These approaches were implemented by PGS Kazakhstan on number of fields in different geological environment across Kazakhstan. The following article shows effectiveness and limitation of 2 seismic methodics on the example of the field located in the Pre-Caspian depression.
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Fracture Characteristics of a Carbonate Platform, Kashagan Field, Kazakhstan
Authors Y. Kabiyev, D. Carpenter, M. Johns and J. CollinsThe Paleozoic reservoir at Kashagan field is characterized by a relatively porous carbonate platform interior surrounded by a highly-cemented margin called the rim. Most of the faults and fractures are concentrated near the rim. Despite low matrix porosity and permeability, rim wells experience lost circulation, bit drops, and high Kh, suggesting a well-developed secondary porosity system. Understanding the role of fractures in this secondary porosity system will be key to reservoir quality prediction. At the seismic scale, faults commonly strike parallel to the rim boundary. At the borehole-scale, image logs also show a fracture set striking parallel to the rim, with secondary sets at high angles to the rim. Rim parallel features are consistent with their formation during early syndepositional margin collapse and differential compaction of the platform and rim.
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The Application of Multiple Realizations of Geostatistical Inversion for Supporting Geological Objectives.
By K. FilippovaThe efficiency of application of geostatistical inversion technique and especially multiple realizations analysis for supporting geological objectives of brownfield stage are presented in this paper. Two oil fields case studies (a clastic and a carbonate reservoir) are used for demonstrating it.
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The Usage of Geoinformation Technologies for Seismic Data Interpretation in Work Flows of Geostan, JSC
By V. MorenkoДеятельность любой сервисной компании сопряжена с обработкой большого объема разнотипной информации, потребность в которой возникает на различных стадиях работы над проектом. Получение надежных результатов интерпретации сейсмических данных возможно только при проведении комплексного анализа всех исходных данных. Анализ данных предполагает обработку имеющегося фактографического материала, в том числе его систематизацию и проведение необходимых преобразований для последующего использования при построении различных моделей. Результаты моделирования, в свою очередь, также требуют систематизации и преобразования к виду, доступному для оперативного анализа, в том числе, на основе 3D-представления и соответствующих технологий.
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Hydrodynamics and Seismic Attributes
By R. SwarbrickWhen rock physics models are established and calibrated they become powerful exploration tools in predicting fluid type ahead of the bit. Most commonly amplitude analysis for fluids is compared with the structural configuration of the trap, and correlation between fluid amplitude and structure is expected. If the structure is “full to spill” then the amplitudes will also correlate with the closing contour of the structure as determined by structural spill point. Conversely, in hydrodynamic systems the conformity is not only with structural definition of the trap but also the hydrodynamic spill point. Fluid contacts cross-cut structural contours, especially in oil accumulations. Recognition of hydrodynamic systems is therefore key to knowing when it is appropriate to use structure contours and spill point as criteria for amplitudes as fluid indicators.
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Prediction of Petrophysical Properties from P-wave Seismic Data, Delhi Field, LA, US
More LessDelhi Field is located in northeastern Louisiana. The reservoir is the Holt-Bryant zone that consists of Upper Cretaceous (Tuscaloosa) and Lower Cretaceous (Paluxy) sandstones. Currently, the field is undergoing a tertiary CO2 flood of the Holt-Bryant zone for enhanced oil recovery. To better understand the complexity of the reservoir, seismic and well log data were used to determine petrophysical properties within the reservoir. Correlations were established between: density and gamma ray; P-impedance and porosity. Pre-stack, model-based inversion was performed on the seismic data to obtain volumes of density and P-impedance. At the same time, synthetic seismic traces were created by changing the petrophysical properties, and correlations found previously were examined again.
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Azimuthal(HTI) Anisotropy Parameters Evaluation in Downhole Microseismic Survey
Authors S.V. Yaskevich and A.A. DuchkovPassive seismic monitoring is a conventional technique used for mapping hydraulic fracturing treatment assuming that microseismic events occur due to fracture development. These events are usually located using a velocity model derived from sonic logs or perforation shots. Instead of fixing the model we make it also a parameter of inversion while locating the events, and also make it anisotropic (HTI). Such model could be the simplest one for description of azimuthally anisotropic formations. We show advantages of applying such an idea on synthetic data set for homogeneous HTI model and show failure of using isotropic models in this case. Use of isotropic model can lead to biased event locations that shift apparent fracture geometry away from its true position. Used approach not only makes it possible to more accurately predict traveltimes of the recorded waves but it also results in a better event locations. All anisotropic parameters of HTI model appeared to be well constrained by the inversion including accurate estimate of the symmetry axis azimuth. Estimated anisotropic HTI parameters can provide an engineer some additional valuable information as these parameters are usually related to rock physics, lithology, internal fractures etc.
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Detection of Reservoir Fractures Using Curvature Attribute, and Comparison with Similarity Attribute
Authors R. Ghanati, N. Abbasi and M.A. RiahiNowadays, various methods are used for identification of reservoir fractures. Seismic curvature attributes are a group of attributes that can measure the curvature of surface and detect the faults and fractures on that surface. These attributes can be estimated on a definite horizon or in a volume of seismic data. In this paper, the ability of these attributes in fractures detection in one of Iranian south reservoirs by carrying out these attributes on a seismic horizon is studied. Then, the results obtained from curvature attributes are compared with similarity attribute. The results of this study show that curvature attributes such as most positive and most negative curvature can detect fractures on a seismic horizon. In addition, there is a high correlation between curvature and similarity attributes results.
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Log Data Interpretation of the Bagenov Formation Interval
Authors M.A. Pavlova, K.V. Suhorukova and V.N. GlinskihDetail log data interpretation of the bagenov formation interval of two wells of the Salum and Malo-Baluk oil-fields have been done. As the result, structure of the formation has defined more exactly, lithotypes of rocks have recognized on a bases of logs, geophysical parameters of rocks have defined, geoelectrical sections describing resistivity and dielectric permittivity have made.
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Detection and Monitoring of Petroleum Reservoir Mineral Deposits
More LessFormation of mineral deposits is encountered in oil and gas production, transportation and processing causing obstruction of technological operations from the initial stage of hydrocarbon production. It has been recognized to be a major operational problem in subsurface and surface oil and gas installations that causes damage to hydrocarbon-producing formations. In order to identify ways of combating this problem we propose study of the detection method for reservoir mineral deposits formed during production. Real-time detection and monitoring of petroleum scales may be possible since the magnetic susceptibilities of scales are distinctly different from crude oils and formation waters. Continuous monitoring or selected measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of petroleum reservoir fluids at the petroleum operational site, or of fluid samples at the laboratory is an effective method to help control scale.
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Shale Formations Deformation During Period of Field Development
Authors O.P. Davydova, A.V. Gorodnov and V.N. ChernoglazovПри разработке продуктивной залежи на режиме истощения пластовое давление в коллекторе снижается, а в низкопроницаемой глинистой покрышке сохраняется начальное поровое давление, в результате чего на границе коллектор - вмещающая порода образуется вертикальный градиент давления. Это приводит к отжиманию флюида из вмещающих пород в эксплуатируемый пласт-коллектор и необратимому уплотнению покрышки.
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Log Appliance in Detection of the Sequence Stratigraphic Zones and Facies Analysis of the Sediments - Kumkol Deposit, Kazakhstan - As a Case Study
Authors S.A. Istekova, A.A. Baidauletova and R.A. MussayevИсследования посвящены использованию петрофизических связей для геологической интерпретации результатов геофизических исследований скважин на месторождениях углеводородов. В работе проведена оценка возможности применения результатов геофизических исследований скважин и анализ полученного петрофизического материала для выполнения литолого-фациального и формационного анализа осадочных отложений месторождений нефти и газа на примере месторождения Кумколь (Казахстан).
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Evaluation of Rock Properties and Rock Structures in the µ-range with sub-µ X-ray Computed Tomography
Authors G. Zacher, M. Halisch and T. MayerIn recent years high resolution X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) for geological purposes contribute increasing value to the quantitative analysis of rock properties. Especially spatial distribution of minerals, pores and fractures are extremely important in the evaluation of reservoir properties. The possibility to visualize a whole plug volume in a non-destructive way and to use the same plug for further analysis is undoubtedly currently the most valuable feature of this new type of rock analysis and will be a new area for routine application of high resolution X-ray CT in the near future. The paper outlines new developments in hard- and software requirements for high resolution CT. It showcases several geological applications which were performed with the phoenix nanotom and recently phoenix nanotom m, the first 180 kV nanofocus CT system tailored specifically for extremely high-resolution scans of samples up to 240 mm in diameter and weighing up to 3 kg with voxel-resolutions down to <300 nm.
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APERM - Permeability From Production Logs
Authors S.D. Jenkins, S.D. Jenkins*, M. Sullivan, D. Belanger, M. Skalinski and I. TussupbayevEstimation of effective permeability at the reservoir scale has been a long standing challenge in carbonate fields. The carbonate depositional and diagenetic history can be quite complex, and this can lead to a permeability field which is quite difficult to characterize. Permeability in vuggy or fractured intervals can be dramatically different from the matrix permeability measured in core plugs. However realistic estimates of oil recovery, and optimized reservoir management requires good estimates of the reservoir permeability. Accurate prediction of permeability from well logs and core plugs is notoriously difficult in carbonate reservoirs. In the Tengiz field, a giant carbonate reservoir in western Kazakhstan, a method has recently been developed to calculate apparent permeability (APERM) based on flow rate from production (PLT) logs. Incorporation of this flow calibrated apparent permeability into the static geologic earth model offers an elegant solution to the long-standing problem of how to best incorporate dynamic PLT data into a reservoir model. A reservoir model recently built using APERM resulted in a step change improvement over previous methods where only static log based permeability transforms were used to populate the earth model.
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Deliverability of Ground Water Wells in Confined Aquifers of Fractional (Non-integer) Spatial Dimensions
By T.A. JelmertFlow in a sparsely fractured reservoir is analyzed by a simplified conceptual model of a single space variable. The fracture network does not fill Euclidian space. The non-filling property shows up as fractional (non-integer) spatial dimensions. The fractal model applies for self-similar geometries. Fractional reservoirs can be described by power law trends. These may have a variety of origins. Fracture architecture, changing flow area and variable rock properties may contribute to power-law dependency. We use fractal nomenclature to formulate the mathematical model. The resulting analytical solutions are valid for any reservoir that may be characterized by power law expressions. Many realizations may give rise to the same power law expressions. Hence the resulting analytical expression is the expected or an average solution. A generalized inflow performance relationship based on single term power law functions has been proposed. The simplicity of the functions facilitates integration of Darcy’s law. The productivity of wells during steady and pseudo steady state flow is investigated. Production rates are proportional to PI. Possible improvements of the productivity index are of obvious importance. We study the effect of a variation in the power law exponent and external radius.
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Carbonates Basins of the Caspian Depression - Geological Sedimentation Model
More LessКарбонатные резервуары Прикаспийской впадины содержат уникальные по запасам скопления нефти, газа и конденсата. Carbonates tanks of the Near-Caspian hollow contain unique on stocks of a congestion of oil, gas and a condensate. Ключевые слова: Прикаспийская впадина, резервуары, нефть, газ, конденсат Keywords: the Near-Caspian hollow, tanks, oil, gas, a condensate
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Karachaganak Field - Lower Permian Modelling
Authors F. Ibragimov, F. Bigoni, C. Albertini, A. Francesconi, V. Tarantini, G. Tumbarello and F. VillaThe reservoir characterisation of Karachaganak Lower Permian pinnacles has been performed using an object modeling workflow, differentiating massive bioherm facies vs. bedded facies. The integration between geological data and dynamic data allowed, through dynamic simulations, a revision and tuning of geological concepts and assumptions. This approach allowed describing the fast pressure decline observed at wells with a geological meaningful model. The former use of local compartments, not geologically supported and just defined “a posteriori” to hit the History Match, has been dropped and a Reservoir Model, statistically reliable for the not appraised areas, has been defined.
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Seismic Geomorphology of Microbial-dominated Margin and Slope Environments around an Isolated Platform, Tengiz Field
A newly acquired 3D seismic dataset over the Tengiz Field, Kazakhstan, has been interpreted to better understand the heterogeneity and complexity of carbonate margin, slope, and basinal environments. Initial iterative plan-view and cross-sectional mapping approaches coupled with better seismic imaging revealed features that are novel and impact reservoir characterization. New observations on stratigraphy and geomorphology are integrated with concepts from outcrop analogs, well data and provide critical new insights that support modify new generation of geological models including the sequence stratigraphy framework, lithofacies distribution and presence and occurrence of fractures and cavernous porosity.
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Interpretation of a Dextral Strike Slip Fault System for Fracture Prediction in the Kozhasay Field, Pre Caspian Basin
Authors O. Klarner, E. Khabibulin and A. ShestakovThe interpretation of the fault system and the respective tectonical stress regime of a HC exploration prospect or HC field are of high importance for understanding the structure, type and direction of faults and occurrence of associated fractures. This has a significant impact on the number of wells to be drilled and on the direction of the well path aiming at the maximum cut of fractures to achieve best possible flow rate. The paper represents a methodical approach of interpreting the fault pattern being present on regional, sub-regional and field levels. This approach also allows for predicting undiscovered structural trends and faults of sub-seismic scale.
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Fractures in Steep-rimmed Carbonate Platforms: Tengiz Reservoir, Kazakhstan and Outcrops in Canning Basin, NW Australia
More LessNatural fractures bear significant influence on productivity in Tengiz field, which is one of several giant light-oil accumulations trapped in isolated carbonate platforms in the Pricaspian Basin of Kazakhstan. Outcrop analogs are particularly important for understanding reservoir fracture systems because many aspects of fracture character (e.g. height, length) are impossible to measure with subsurface data. The Devonian margin of the Canning Basin in NW Australia presents a well-exposed outcrop analog for steep margin and slope deposits of Tengiz field. Fracture data gathered from Tengiz core and image logs suggest affinity to fractures in the Canning outcrops in terms of origin, orientation, and range of density. Inclusion of additional information - gained through outcrop study - into reservoir fracture description leads to improved understanding of stratigraphic influence on their occurrence and character.
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Difficulties in Simulating Diffusive Flux in Matrix-fracture Model
Authors M. Khosravi, B. Rostami and S.A. MirazimiDiffusion is an influential mechanism in oil recovery, which accelerates miscibility achievement, and usually has difficulties in modeling by commercial software. Previous studies have illustrated that compositional software could not calculate diffusion flux properly between two neighboring grids, in which oil saturation has a sudden drop from 1 to 0. Therefore, a dummy zone with medium oil saturation has to be defined at the oil/gas interface; however, this would affect the material balance and fluid flow. Furthermore, it is impossible to use such a method in a dual-pore fracture model and it would impose severe restrictions for full field simulation. In the first part of this work, a comprehensive review has been done on estimation of diffusion coefficients. Also, simulation of miscible CO2 displacement in fractured models has been reviewed and simulation difficulties have been widely discussed. Then, to analyze diffusion flux specifically, a 1-D horizontal model with neither viscose nor gravity force is simulated using two of the most famous compositional simulators, and their results are compared with analytical solution of the problem. Next, experimental results of miscible CO2 injection in a fractured system have been used to examine the new approach on simulation of a more complicated case.
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Integrated Depositional Environments Characterization of the Nubian Sandstone Reservoirs, Southeast Sirt Basin, Libya
By O. SlimanObtaining maximum recovery from hydrocarbon bearing rocks requires detailed and comprehensive description of the reservoir rocks. A good understanding of the reservoir environments and their characterization are essential. The objective of this work is to describe the depositional environments of the Lower Cretaceous non-marine Nubian Formation, which is subdivided in to three members Lower Nubian sandstone, Upper Nubian Sandstone and Varicolored Shale separate the two sandstone members. How they are recognized and characterized by applying rock characterization techniques
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Integrated Project Management Team, Organization, and Human Resources for EOR Project in PERTAMINA
Authors I.P. Suarsana and A. Badril• PERTAMINA EP is a subsidiary of Upstream Directorate of corporate PERTAMINA (Persero). PERTAMINA EP has more than 300 fields which are located from west to the east of Indonesia. 85% oil fields are considered as mature fields and contributing mmore than 80% of total Production (135 MBOPD). The fields already passed the primary peak production and pproducing only in Primary Recovery Stage, and the total recovery already above 85%. But the remaining oil is more than 3 Billions of oil. • To recover the additional oil, it needs high technology, high investment, improved stragtegy and management, and good quality of human resorces. The technology will be applied is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). • Pertamina has establised the EOR managenet team which contain only 25 people, and can develop 9 pilot projects, 5 Plan of Further developments, produced oil 150 MBBO from pilot projects, and booked reserve 75 MMBBO with PRMS method.
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Experimental Study of Heterogeneity Effect on Strong Water Drive Gas Reservoirs
Authors M. Rezaee and B. RostamiGas recovery from strong water drive gas reservoirs (WDGR) may decrease because water influx may trap gas. WDGR performance is complicated and depends on many parameters.We investigated the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on WDGR recovery factor and aquifer performance in laboratory scale systems. In order to understand the uncertainty associated with reservoirs in complex geologic environments, it is critical to create porous media models that incorporate stratigraphic detail. The experimental models were contained distinct gas and water zone (aquifer portion) with thickness proportion of one to two. Aquifer permeability to gas zone was considered in three ranges: (Kaq/Kg=1 Kaq/Kg<1 Kaq/Kg>1).Gas zone was in initial water saturation in all of experiments. These permeable media were systematically characterized by Dykstra-Parsons coefficient. The Dykstra-Parsons coefficients were varied over reasonable ranges to cover the conditions normally encountered in gas reservoirs.We found that heterogeneity was not always detrimental to the recovery performance in WDGR.we explained this evidence by dimentinless number of Kaq /Kg .
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The Use of a Vertical Currents Sounding Method in Ore and Hydrocarbon Explorations
Authors A.V. Zlobinskiy, B.P. Balashov, V.S. Mogilatov and V.V. StogniyВ докладе обсуждается опыт применения площадной импульсной электроразведки с фиксированным источником электромагнитного поля – круговым электрическим диполем для оконтуривания границ нефтяных залежей и изучения рудных объектов.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Social Risk Management
More LessThis paper focuses on the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social risk management in business. Firstly, CSR and social risk management are defined and the development of CSR as a discipline is highlighted. The paper also gives a brief introduction of how community, human rights and labour can be examples of social risks during oil and gas operations. Social risks are typically identified during the assessment of the local context of the operations. Furthermore, the paper shows how a business can manage social risks and an operational example is provided. The main items to be considered during any operations are; early assessments and pre-warning to the project, timely understanding and alignment internally and collaboration with partners, like operators and contractors. Finally, mapping the stakeholders and creating stakeholder communication plan is of great importance
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The Analysis of Seismic Processes Dynamics and the Tien Shan Strong Earthquakes Prediction
Authors E. Mamyrov and V.A. Mahan’kovaДетальные исследования сейсмологического режима перед сильнейшими землетрясениями мира, выполненные в последние годы, показали, что сейсмическая обстановка, перед главными толчками, с большим основанием поддерживает гипотезу о предвестниковой активизации, чем о сейсмологическом затишье [1-3]. На фоне общей региональной среднесрочной активизации слабых землетрясений энергетических классов КR = 9-12 (магнитуды MW = 3-5) в большинстве случаев наблюдается краткосрочное увеличение сейсмологической активности (рои, линейное или кольцевые концентрации эпицентров), происходящие на расстояниях, которые сравнимы с размерами очага готовящегося сильного землетрясения. При этом динамика роста количества слабых толчков во времени подобна акустической эмиссии перед разрушением твердых тел. Достижение критического уровня деформации геофизической среды переводит регион в нестабильное состояние, которое разрешается катастрофой – сильнейшим землетрясением [4]. Учитывая вышеуказанное, в настоящей работе сделана попытка анализа годового количества слабых землетрясений 8, 9 и 10 энергетических классов (N8, N9, N10), а также годового значения максимального энергетического класса Кm для всей территории Кыргызстана в пределах координат φ=39°-43.5° λ=69°-81° и для отдельных сейсмоактивных зон Тянь-Шаня до и после сильных сейсмокатастроф.
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Carbonate Environment Survey Methods with Real Data Based Examples
By T.V. OlnevaВ последнее время накоплен значительный опыт результативных сейсмических исследований в карбонатных средах. Применение специальных методик обработки сейсмических данных, включение в технологическую цепочку инверсионных преобразований и сейсмофациального анализа, новые технологии интерпретации и геологического моделирования позволяют более точно картировать кровлю и подошву коллектора, выделять локальные перспективные объекты, прогнозировать фильтрационно-емкостные свойства и воспроизводить полученные знания в геологических моделях. Доверие к результатам сейсмических исследований настолько возрасло, что появились рекомендации использовать их при подсчете запасов, например, в работе Левянта В.Б. и др.
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2d Basin Modeling and 2d Paleoreconstruction of Shaimskoe Petroliferous Region of West-Tokushinskaya Area
Authors S. Astakhov, A. Perepelina, D. Spahic, K. Sokolov, O. Gutnik and V. SavenkoВ связи с нарастающей необходимостью укрепления ресурсной базы нефтегазодобывающих предприятий всё больший интерес в целях поиска новых перспективных объектов вызывают «нетрадиционные» для того или иного района Западной Сибири структурные этажи. В частности, для Шаимского НГР, это - неокомский. Его перспективность доказывает пока единственная скважина № 29 Восточно-Шебурского месторождения, в которой из интервала 2102-2117м (абс. отм.-2008м – -2023м), из нижней части фроловской свиты (ачимовский интервал), получен фонтан нефти дебитом 14,8 м3/сут на 4 мм штуцере /1/. В Среднем Приобье неокомский нефтегазоносный мегакомплекс является основным продуктивным интервалом, обеспечивающим как нефтедобычу, так и прирост запасов углеводородного сырья.
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Geophysical Methods of Detection of Oil Contamination on the Example of Waste Disposal Site of Priobskoye Field
Authors A.A. Ivanov and M.P. ShirobokovThis report covers application of electrical tomography in combination with petrophysical modeling for identification of zones of oil contamination in oil waste disposal area.
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Groundwater Investigation in Hard Rock Using Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods in an Area of Economic Trees Plantat
Authors K. Wattanasen, S. Arrykul and W. LohawijarnGroundwater in hard rock areas has become increasingly important due to increasing of population, expanding of the city and the industrial sector etc. It is relatively safe from pollution, unlike surface water and shallow groundwater. Remote sensing and geophysical methods have been used for groundwater investigation in hard rock area, Khao Phra sub district, Rattaphum district, western Songkhla Lake. The groundwater will then be used for plantation and consumption. The interpretation of digital elevation model data (DEM) provides the possible lineaments indicating faults or fractures in the subsurface which possibly related to groundwater trapped in hard rock. Three dominant lineaments around the foothill of Khao Keaw Mountain were suggested and 8 profiles with perpendicular to the lineaments were defined to perform ground geophysics surveys. Schlumberger VES suggested that there is a fault locating between the VES measuring positions which locate at the opposite side of lineament. Reflection seismic and resistivity pseudosection data give a topography variation of hard rock that indicates faults or fractures in hard rock. The exactly positions of faults or fractures have been confirmed by the VLF data and their positions will be recommended for drilling test well.
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Advanced InSAR Techniques for Landslide Assessment at Regional and Local Scale
Authors A. Tamburini, S. Del Conte, L. Lopardo, C. Malaguti, M. Broccolato, D.C.G. Martelli and P. VescoviSqueeSAR™ interferometry, the latest evolution of PSInSAR™ technology, is one of today’s most advanced technologies for ground deformation analysis and monitoring. It exploits long temporal series of satellite radar data, acquired over the same area of interest at different times, to identify “natural radar targets”, that return stable radar reflections over time back to the satellite, where very precise displacement information can be retrieved. Thanks to its capability in detecting millimetre level displacements over long periods and large areas, SqueeSAR™ analysis can be considered complementary to conventional geological and geomorphological studies in landslide detection and monitoring, supporting also the effectiveness of landslide inventories at regional scale. The availability of surface displacement time series for all the radar targets identified also makes it possible to change the scale of analysis from regional to local, allowing in depth studies into the evolution of single instability phenomena, supporting the design of traditional monitoring networks and even verifying the efficiency of remedial works. In this paper, examples of integration of SqueeSAR™ data with other conventional geological and geomorphological studies at local and regional scale will be presented, pointing up the benefits offered by an integrated approach.
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Mechanical Earth Modeling of the Tengiz Field
Authors Z. Katrenov, N. Tlepbergenov, E. Flodin, T. Buchmann and P. ConnollyA 3-D mechanical earth model (MEM) was developed for Tengiz to predict the long-term response of a reservoir to field development. The study aims at understanding the impact of reservoir pressure depletion on reservoir compaction and surface subsidence. Tengiz Field, a deep, super-giant oil field located in western Kazakhstan near the north-eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, consists of Devonian through Carboniferous isolated platform carbonates with an aerial extent of approximately 440 sq. km (Figure 1). The top of the reservoir occurs at -3850 m TVDSS and the oil column is at least 1600 meters. Although the producing formation is deep and the reservoir rocks are competent, minor amounts of reservoir compaction and surface subsidence are nonetheless observed at Tengiz.
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A Survey Design Case History Using Complimentary Ray-Tracing and Wavefield Extrapolation Techniques
Authors P. J. Christian, T. Pringle, L. Zuehlsdorff, A. Drottning, G. Brown and B. WebbWe present a survey design and modelling case history showing how complimentary modelling techniques were used to optimize and de-risk a new seismic acquisition programme. A recent discovery sits close to a salt diapir and although not affected by the salt, the towed streamer seismic exhibits a shadow zone. The aim of the study was to choose new acquisition geometry and demonstrate that acquired data could be successfully processed. In the first part of the study we used ray-tracing to assess sub-surface illumination for a number of acquisition geometries including OBC. In the second part of the study we used wavefield extrapolation modleling to create and process synthetic seismic datasets for the existing conventional (narrow-azimuth) data as well as the new OBC geometry. We show how the use of complimentary modeling techniques (RT and WE) enabled us to de-risk a new survey design. While the ray-tracing allowed us to model the optimum sub-surface illumination and provide a multiple-free synthetic dataset, the wavefield extrapolation modeling provided the opportunity to predict the final image quality before and after multiple attenuation. We suggest that the approach adopted will be applicable to many potential surveys where improved imaging and multiple attenuation is a requirement.
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Estimating the Probable Range of Recovery from Miscible CO2 Injection in Fractured Media by Experimental Design
Authors S. Mirazimi, B. Rostami and M. KhosraviExperimental design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), together with Monte Carlo simulation provide an efficient statistical framework to investigate the influence of multiple parameters and their interactions on a response of interest with limited number of simulations, and estimate the range of the response accurately. In the present study, the simulation model for a laboratory experiment of miscible CO2 injection into a matrix-fracture system is used to investigate the effect of different parameters on oil recovery. First, parameters with the most influence on oil recovery are determined by sensitivity analysis. Then in order to quantify the significance of each parameter, the model is employed to produce a response surface via Box-Behnken design, and the recovery factor is approximated as a second-order function of five reservoir and fluid parameters. Finally, the probable range of recovery factor is estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the most effective parameters are matrix permeability, core diameter and diffusion coefficients with positive, and fracture permeability with negative contribution to oil recovery. In addition, the most-likely value (P50) calculated for oil recovery from matrix block is 71.6%. Recovery factor drops from 86.3% for the optimistic value (P10) to 55% for the pessimistic one (P90).
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Shale Gas
Authors S. Alghasi, A. Khoshkhou and H. FatahiShale Gas is an unconventional type of natural gas; having the same composition as has a conventional one but produced from low permeability sediments, rich in organic matter. In gas shales they usually do not provide adequate pathways for sufficient flow of hydrocarbons into a well. Many still contain large volumes of gas but, because of their low permeability, they are rarely economic. It is certain that new ideas and new techniques will emerge in this field in the next future. Natural gas from shale is developed using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Horizontal drilling; turning a vertical well onto a horizontal plane at a measured depth. This process of intersecting the reservoir horizontally allows the well to have much greater contact with the reservoir. Hydraulic fracturing pumps fluid and sand down a well at high pressure. The pressure causes the surrounding brittle rock to fracture. When the pumping pressure is relieved, the water disperses or flows back to the well and leaves a thin layer of sand to prop open the cracks. This layer acts as a conduit to allow the natural gas to escape from tight formations and flow to the well so that it can be recovered.
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Seismic Imaging and Characterization of an Isolated Carbonate Buildup: Tengiz Field
Authors S.D. Jenkins, I. Tussupbayev, E. Iskakov and H. PosamentierHigh amplitude seismic events (referred to as “Mega-Amplitude” events) are observed in a recent Tengiz 3D seismic. Forward models show that Mega-Amplitude events can result from cavernous systems in carbonate rock at Tengiz. These Mega-Amplitude events may result from solution enhancement of fractures via deep-burial corrosive diagenesis, resulting in high permeability fairways. These seismic events correlate with evidence for cavernous porosity in wells including lost circulation, bit drops, open calipers, and cavernous zones on image logs. Identification of cavernous porosity is important for understanding field performance and targeting high-rate wells.
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CSP-Method Prospecting of Fracture-Caernous Reservoirs in the Bazhen Formation of the Salym Oilfield
Authors A. Kirichek, G.N. Erokhin, A.N. Kremlev, L.E. Starikov, V.V. Maltcev, S.E. Zdolnik and S.V. RodinThe problem of oil reservoirs prospecting in the Bazhen formation in the West Siberia is exciting and difficult. Exciting - because the Bazhen formation’s oil reserves are estimated up to 7 billion tons and difficult - due to its fracture-cavernous nature. The results of oil reservoirs forecasting in the Bazhen formation of the Salym oilfield are presented. The forecast is based on using scattered seismic waves extracted from the 3D multichannel seismic data by the original CSP prestack migration method. Shown that this approach enables to obtain much more reliable reservoirs forecasting map and reservoirs model than conventional processing and interpretation methods.
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Method of Parametric Processing of Reflection (PRO). Current State of Method and Prospectivity for Further Development
More LessMain principles and thery of method as well as results achieved are discussed here. Method PRO developed and published much earlier than DMO, CRS, MF in 1977 aimed to overtake problems of CDP (CMP) method. Most advantage of PRO compared to other above mentioned methods is it's ability to define Vrms for extended range of models.
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3D Land Seismic Multisurveys Merge
Authors A. Svetlichny, G. Wittmann and A. KovácsIn recent years the number of 3D multi-survey seismic processing projects has been noticeably increased. This paper discusses some practical aspects of merging 3D land multi-vintages seismics undertaken during the seismic re-processing program in the Northern part of Pre-Caspian depression. The re-processing program comprises of seismic data pre-processing (including pre-stack data merge) followed by Time and Depth pre-stack migrations of four seismic vintages acquired over this area during the period from 1998 to 2006. Since all four surveys have different acquisition parameters the most challengeable issues of merging were related to the different survey’s orientation, different offset/azimuth distribution, significant variations in CDP coverage and CDP bin size.
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Towards Fuzzy Hyperspectral Edges – Radiometric Strip Adjustments of AIS Data
Authors M. Pregesbauer, C. Briese, G. Verhoeven and M. DoneusThe radiometric strip adjustment is crucial to obtain a high-quality seamless mosaic and easily interpretable AIS data set. The time-synchronous data acquisition of LiDAR data enables furthermore to calculate the local trend within the flight strips in flat areas. This helps to reduce the disturbing effects caused by changing sensor–object geometry during the data acquisition of neighbouring flight strips. A concept for a rediometric strip adjustment for airborne imaging spectroscopy pushbroom sensor data sets is presented
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Coupling Time-lapse Monitoring by Satellite Data and Numerical Geomechanical Models for Reservoir Management
Authors A. Tamburini, M. Minini, A. Higgs, P. Teatini, M. Ferronato, F. Comola and C. JannaVolumetric changes in reservoirs due to fluid extraction and injection can induce either subsidence or uplift which could trigger fault reactivation and threaten well integrity. Surface deformation monitoring can provide valuable constraints on the dynamic behaviour of a reservoir through time. Whatever the surveying technique, the detection of millimetre level surface deformation is required to monitor small surface displacement rates. Mapping surface effects accurately requires hundreds of measurement points per square km which cannot be delivered by traditional monitoring methods without unacceptably large expenditure. SqueeSARTM is one of the most promising valuable and cost-effective techniques capable of providing high precision and high areal density displacement measurements over long periods of time, free of atmospheric artifacts. This accurate information can be used to calibrate geomechanical three-dimensional numerical models. Providing the deformation and stress fields, the models can be effectively used in their forecasting potential to investigate the expected evolution of the ground surface movements, the possibility of fault re-activation and/or fracture generation, the risk well breaking depending on various development plans. Selected case studies will be presented. One of the most recent applications is relevant to the Tengiz giant oil field, Kazakhstan.
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Investigating Vertical Land Movements along the Northern Caspian Sea Coastal Area by SAR Based Methodologies
Authors L. Magagnini, P. Teatini, T. Strozzi, E. Ulazzi and U. SimeoniSolonchaks, more commonly known as saline soils, are a soil variety widespread along the northern coastal area of the Caspian Sea. Salts dissolved in the soil moisture remain behind after evaporation/transpiration of the water and accumulate at the soil surface. Detecting ground displacement by SAR-based methodologies is challenging in these regions. Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) and Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) methods have been optimized to obtain ground displacement rates on salted soils with a nominal accuracy of millimetres per year. The SBAS approach is developed to maximize the spatial and temporal coherence by construction of small baseline interferograms. The IPTA approach extracts deformation signals on point targets by modelling and analyzing their phase value that remains stable in time for all interferograms performed with a common master image. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of both approaches, their limitations and their complementarities through an inter-comparison, on salted soils. We apply SBAS and IPTA on 33 ENVISAT images acquired between 2003 and 2009. Results allow mapping the subsidence within a frame in the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan. Hence, we demonstrated that this environment is suitable to the application of SAR methodologies.
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A Technique of Spectral Mixing Problem Solution
Authors A. Dubovskoy and K.E. ByrneДистанционное зондирование хорошо зарекомендовало себя при решении геологических задач. Одна из ключевых проблем с которой сталкиваются при проведении дешифрирования данных дистанционного зондирования - это спектральное смешивание. В статье предлагается методика для решения проблемы спектрального смешивания без применения сложных математических моделей, разделяющих спектр. Основная особенность методики в последовательном использовании классификации без обучения и с обучением. Методика опробована при решении задачи поиска перспективных зон на территории лицензии месторождения золота.
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The Influence of Attenuation on Frequency Component of Seismic Signals
Authors A. Nazari, M.A. Riahi and N. AbbasiThe nature of the frequency response depends strongly on the AVO behavior at an interface. In order to understand and predict the seismic response to fluid saturation for Class IV sands, we performed Synthetic geological models with a hydrocarbon-bearing zone .The synthetic seismic sections were produced by performing offset acoustic ray-tracing in GX Technology’s GX-II 2D forward modeling package based on existing well log information close to the study area, which can effectively model the characteristics of attenuation and frequency-dependent reflection. We use S-Transform time-frequency signal analysis to transform the seismic data centered within a time window to the time-frequency domain and then sort the frequency gathers to common frequency cubes. we observe the characteristics of the seismic low-frequency shadow in the common frequency cubes. Reservoir simulations reveal that the main mechanism of seismic low frequency shadows is attributed to high attenuation of the medium to high seismic frequency components caused by absorption in the hydrocarbon-filled reservoir. After modeling and validation of the technique with synthetic data, seismic analysis supported with SD technologies was performed to evaluate prospects located in real data. Results from a practical example show that it is possible to identify Athe reservoir by the low-frequency shadow.
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Analysis of Location of the Intermountain Troughs within the Survey 3-DV - Amur Region, Yakutia
Authors E.A. Kravchenko, A. Salnikov and V.V. TitarenkoThe Eastern Siberia territory is not investigated enough by geophysical methods. Today, we have not a whole picture of geological structure of this region. The seismic explorations on the geological-geophysical survey 3-DV “Scovorodino-Tommot-Khandyga-Myakit” are proceeding since 2008. This article describes results of the data processing which are derived from deep seismic sounding (DSS), (3-DV, southern and central part). The systems of traveltime curves and wavefields t(x, l-const) are obtained by point sounding technique. The purpose of DSS processed data is seismic model. The model illustrates location and relief of a main seismic boundaries and deep faults including the top cloak. Moreover it shows complex block structure of the earth’s crust. Relief map of Siberian Plate Moho-discontinuity was improved by this model. It is shown the Baikal’s type intermountain troughs are confined for deep rift fault which strikes from Baikal Lake ant crosses the survey 3-DV within the deep fault zones.
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Application of the Single-probe Fission Neutron Logging (FNL) Method in the Stratum-infiltration Type Uranium Deposits
Authors L.I. Kamenev and O.G. KoshevoyПереход на количественное определение содержаний урана с известной погрешностью обеспечит: - уменьшение необходимых объемов бурения с отбором керна и, соответственно, снижение объемов аналитических работ; - получение количественных параметров оруденения (мощность рудного интервала и массовая доля урана) на участках со сложной геологической ситуацией, где представительный керновый материал для опробования получить практически невозможно (рудовмещающие породы представлены валунно-галечными отложениями и пр.). - оценка достоверности результатов интерпретации материалов гамма – каротажа; - оперативное (в тот же день) получение экспресс информации о параметрах оруденения, обеспечивающее адекватную корректировку процесса буровых работ; - определение остаточного содержания металла в недрах и расчет коэффициента извлечения металла из недр. Таким образом, после завершения изложенных работ, метод КНДм будет включен в основной комплекс ГИС на всех стадиях отработки месторождений, а также при подсчете запасов урана.
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Evaluation of Effects of Small-scale Heterogeneities in Dynamic Modelling of Electromagnetic Logging
Authors O.N. Soboleva, B.G. Mikhilenko and E.P. KurochkinaВажнейшей характеристикой любой зондовой системы является возможность высокого разрешения при оценке пространственного распределения удельного электрического сопротивления в геологической среде, окружающей скважину. В силу значительной ресурсоемкости численного моделирования синтетических диаграмм мелкомасштабные неоднородности среды не учитываются. Крупные неоднородные включения (пласты, пропластки) учитываются в модели непосредственно с помощью граничных условий. Проблему разделяют на две: изучение радиальных и вертикальных характеристик. Пространственное же распределение мелкомасштабных неоднородностей редко бывает известно точно и в этой связи часто описывается случайными полями. Поэтому одна из фундаментальных задач при изучении влияния
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Comprehensive Interpretation of Logging Data by Means of “Alpha” Software and Artificial Nural Nets
By Y.I. KuchinОптимальная система геологической интерпретации ГИС должна строиться на комплексном использовании детерминистского и статистического подходов, включая как корреляционный, так и классификационный способы
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Geomorphology Analysis of Kertasari, Brebes District, Central Java Province; and its Application for Settlement Land Use
Authors S. Paramitha and R. TriandariResearch in Kertasari Area, Brebes District, Central Java Province, is expected to generate recommendation map for settlement land use. Kertasari has varied morphology, but land use in this area is not good enough. Data was collected in the field is used to make geological map and geomorphological map. Then, digital data were analyzed to generate slope map, land wetness map, and land cover map. Research area was classified into four lithological units, they are sandstone-siltstone unit, volcanic breccia unit, claystone unit, and alluvial unit. And it was divided into four geomorphological units, they are Pamedaran Synclinal Valley Unit, Pamedaran Synclinal Hills Unit, Kertasari Denudasional Plain Unit, and Kertasari Alluvial Plain Unit. Slope percentage in research area ranged from 0% to 140%. Wetness rate of research area are: flow zone, seep zone, wet zone, moist zone, dry zone. Land cover rate of research area are: tightly covered zone, moderately covered zone, rarely covered zone, bare land. Overlapping these five maps using GIS software generates recommendation map for settlement land use. It divides research area into four zones: very feasible zone, feasible zone, less feasible zone, and not feasible zone. It is recommended to build settlements in feasible and very feasible zone.
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Storage of Hydrogenous Gas in Geological Formations - Conceptual Model of In-situ Bio-reactions and Gas Transformations
Authors M. Panfilov, I. Dussembaev, M. Burketbayev and A. ToleukhanovThe uniform distribution of natural gas over various regions distanced by thousands kilometres from gas producing sites represents a serious economical and technological problem for Kazakhstan. Taking into account that the gas transportation constitutes 70% of the overall price of natural gas, the investments into gas transport from the Caspian region to eastern and southern regions appears to be extremely expensive. Another, a priori more rentable solution might consist of using hydrogenous gas instead of methane, that can be produced from coal by degasification technique. This process may be performed directly at the central and eastern coal basins and consequently does need to transport hydrogenous gas over long distances. Such a gas, called the town or syntheses gas, represents a mixture of hydrogen (60%), methane (12%), and CO2 and CO (20%) has a high energetic potential and is frequently used as a high-performance carrier of energy capable of replacing up to 60% of the natural gas used in non-industrial activity in several countries (Davison et al. 2009).
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Recharging of a Basin in South West of Iran, Artificially
More LessRecharge of farough basin in south west of Iran, artificially Hassan Derakhshan Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Dep., Zabol University, Iran The need for water storage via multipurpose projects especially in mountainous areas in south west of Iran is critically considered. So a comprehensive knowledge of the area was achieved and a set of check dams were finally proposed as the abrasion controlling agents in the steeper areas due to the region nature and an embankment for water storage in downstream area for irrigation purposes and recharging ground area water table was also introduced. The related structural elements were also designed in detail. The whole existing properties of the region needs more and more rehabilitation programs to save the vegetation and area plants and reducing the soil erosion and sediments as a result.
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Zero Tolerance towards Discharge Today: Way to a Greener Tomorrow
By S. ShekharWater is a life giving commodity which we have been taking for granted. It is a resource even more precious than any of the fossil fuels. Water, as a deliverable from industries and various operations has been rarely thought of, probably owing to its abundance. But the portion of this which is actually of our domestic use is merely 2.5% of the total volume of water on earth. Hence, water treatment methods or technology which can extract total dissolved solids (TDS) to a bare minimum are necessary to keep the amount of contamination below the mandatory level. The Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a great step in this direction. The recent developments in water effluents standards have compelled industries across the spectrum to adopt technologies such as ZLD for better treatment of Flue Gas at FGD installations. This paper presents the concept of Zero liquid discharge as a feasible answer to the above problems and its application across the spectrum of industries, particularly in the extraction of heavy oil using SAGD. The paper also discusses the controversies surrounding its economic feasibility and studies the technical considerations of waste treatment and disposal.
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Analysis of Subsidence Dynamics During Destruction of Structure over Abandoned Mines due to Underground Water Elevation
Authors I.V. Nazimko, S.V. Pedchenko and V.V. VasutinaУстойчивость наземных сооружений существенно зависит от активизации подвижек грунта, вероятность которой резко увеличивается при поднятии уровня грунтовых вод. Особенно это опасно в случаях, когда объекты сооружаются над выходами тектонических нарушений. При мокром погашении угольной шахты происходит поднятие уровня грунтовых вод, в результате чего свойства наносов изменяются. Как показывает практика, это приводит к неизбежной активизации сдвижений земной поверхности и часто к разрушению наземных сооружений
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The Tien Shan Seismic Mode Cyclicity and Prediction of the Probable Time of Expected Destructive Earthquakes
Authors E. Mamyrov, Y.A. Mahan’kova and N. Ernesova1. Активизация проявления разрушительных землетрясений в мире, включая территорию Кыргызстана, начавшаяся в 2003 г. и продолжающаяся в 2010 г, доказывает актуальность прогнозных исследований по определению вероятного периода повышения уровня сейсмической опасности в пределах отдельных сейсмоактивных регионов. Современные исследования сложных геофизических процессов показали, что они могут быть количественно отражены в соответствии с теорией нелинейных систем уравнениями солитонного типа. Анализ взаимодействия коротковолновых и длинноволновых геофизических возмущений показал наличие эффектов перемежаемости Ферми-Паста-Улама, когда периоды спокойной длинноволновой динамики сменяются короткими периодами квазисолитонной активности, т.е. картина спокойствия сменяется следующим очередным «взрывом». Таким образом, в геофизической среде формируется собственный ритм в режиме самовозбуждения, который может быть идентифицирован на геофизических полигонах флуктуациями геофизических, гидродинамических и геохимических параметров.
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Dynamic Monitoring of the Toktogul Dam under Seismic and Human
By V.I. DovganГорная страна Кыргызстан, расположенная на Тянь-Шане, обладает уникальным гидроэнергетическим комплексом. Основу этого комплекса составляет каскад Токтогульских ГЭС на реке Нарын. Самая мощная из действующих – Токтогульская – имеет бетонную гравитационную плотину высотой 215 метров и водохранилище объемом 19.5 млрд. куб. метров. Плотина находится на высоте 900 м в глубоком каньоне с высоким уровнем естественных тектонических напряжений. Гидросооружению более 30 лет и располагается оно в зоне возможных очагов землетрясений с магнитудой 7.5. Постоянные динамические нагрузки на сооружение от землетрясений, работы гидротехнического оборудования и климатические воздействия приводят к преждевременному старению и разрушению плотины, поэтому на всем протяжении эксплуатации ГЭС нужно вести контроль за ее состоянием.
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Experimental Evaluation of Rock Spallation with Laser Irradiation
Authors M. Bakhtbidar, G.H. Montazeri, A. Safaei and A. FakhriWhen lasers were invented in 1960, they were called “a solution looking for a problem.” Since then, they have become ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, medicine, industry, entertainment and the military. Research conducted in rock destruction by high-power lasers indicates that lasers can be a less expensive, environmental friendly alternative to conventional drilling and perforating methods. Laser rock spallation is a rock removal process that utilizes laser-induced thermal stress to fracture the rock into small fragments before melting of the rock occurs. High intensity laser energy, applied on a rock that normally has very low thermal conductivity, concentrates locally on the rock surface area and causes the local temperature to increase instantaneously. The maximum temperature just below the melting temperature can be obtained by carefully controlling the laser parameters. This results in a local thermal stress in subsurface that is enough to spall the rock. This process continues on a new rock surface with the aid of the high pressure gas purging blowing away the cracked fragments. Laser parameters that affect the laser spallation efficiency will be discussed in the paper.
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Bitumen Formation in the Source Rocks of the Infrasaliferous Series of the Eastern Part of the Precaspian Basin
Authors Y. Talgat, A. Izart and G. JoltaevApproximately 145 samples from the Eastern part of Precaspian and Preouralian basins were analyzed. They are clastic and carbonated rocks (mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, limestone and anhydrite) of platform, slope and basin facies of Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian whose the depth lies between 1700m and 5450m. The samples were analyzed by petrographic (macerals and vitrinite reflectance), geochemical (extract and Rock-Eval) and molecular studies. These studies show that one could distinguish three groups of organic matter (OM): II (marine), III (continental) and mixed II/III. The type III MO presents the IH generally lower than 80 mg/g TOC and is widespread in the turbiditic facies of Lower Permian age and Lower-Middle Visean. This type presents the humic facies composed of coal remains (vitrinite and inertinite) sometimes associated with a sapropelic matrix or spores.
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Lithofacies Model Field Kyurovdag - Lower Kura, Azerbaijan
More LessМоделирование геологических объектов широко используется в нефтяной и газовой геологии, снижая риск процессов поисков и разведки месторождений нефти и газа. Объектом данного изучения послужило месторождение Кюровдаг, расположенное в пределах Нижне- Куринского прогиба на территории Восточного Азербайджана. (рис.1) Построенные в результате этого исследования 3D модели, характеризуют реальные геологические условия и коллекторские свойства месторождения Кюровдаг.
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The Economic Optimization of Mining Technological Blocks Using the Drillhole ISL Method by Modelling Geotechnological Parameters
By A.V. BelykhЭкономические оценки выполняются на следующих стадиях технологического процесса управления добычей. 1) При вводе в эксплуатацию оптимального, с точки зрения экономической эффективности, технологического блока. В процессе ввода выполняется: • проектирование системы вскрытия и выбор оптимального, с точки зрения себестоимости добываемой продукции, размера сети по данным разведочных работ; • создание оптимальной, с точки зрения себестоимости добываемой продукции, математической модели работы технологического блока (циклограммы работы блока) расчет изменения геотехнологических параметров в зависимости от изменения времени и Ж/Т; 2) При выводе технологических скважин и блоков из работы. Вывод технологических скважин из эксплуатации осуществляется тогда, когда добыча становится не рентабельной, т.е. содержание урана в ПР становится меньше минимально – промышленной величины. При этом вывод технологических блоков из работы осуществляется в том случае, если коэффициент извлечения по блоку равен величине заданной контрактом на недропользование. Экономическая оптимизация отработки технологических блоков методом ПСВ выполняется при проектирование системы вскрытия путем выбора оптимального, с точки зрения себестоимости добываемой продукции, размера сети и времени работы технологического блока, как по разведочным данным, так и по данным горно – подготовительных работ.
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Improve Reservoir Rock Permeability Using Laser Technology - A New Advanced Approach for Increased Oil Production Rate
Authors M. Bakhtbidar, G.H. Montazeri, M. Alimohammadi, M.H. Bakhtbidar and M.R. Kazemi AsfehLasers have potential for rock destruction applications in mining, petroleum, tunneling, and trenching. The high temperatures induced using high power lasers cause an increase in porosity and permeability, while reducing rock strength making it easier to break-up rocks. These results are part of a more extensive research project studying the application of laser technology in the oil and gas industry. Pre- and post-lasing analysis included mineralogy determination, clay characterization and original fractures, as well as porosity, permeability. The characteristics of unlased rocks were compared to the characteristics of lased rocks in order to determine the effect the high temperature caused by lasers has on altering the rocks. Over 18 core samples where exposed to laser energy in laboratory settings. Rocks types lased include sandstone, limestone, and shale. Permeability and porosity of the reservoir rocks ranged from 0.02 to 628 md and 100% to 400%, respectively. It was found that high temperature caused by lasers enhance porosity and permeability because high temperature vaporizes or breaks cementation leading to more pore space.
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Metasomatic Zoning of Copper Porphyry Deposits in Kyrgyzstan
More LessКрупнейшие в Кыргызстане месторождения золото-медно-порфирового типа находятся в Киргизском хребте в Северном Тянь-Шане (рис.1). На западе развиты медно-порфировые с золотом месторождения, формирование которых связано с ордовикскими островодужными обстановками (Андаш, Талды-Булак, Узунбулак, Каракол, Булакаши и др.). На востоке находится золото-порфировое крупное месторождение Талды-Булак Левобережный, сформированное в обстановке активной континентальной окраины девона (Djenchuraeva, 1994).
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Ensemble of Tectonic Structures under Convergent Processes and their Ore-bearing
More LessС появлением концепции тектоники плит, стало возможным по-новому интерпретировать условия формирования и размещения оруденения в том или ином регионе, и во многих случаях, руководством при металлогенических построениях на современном уровне геологических знаний. Наблюдаемые закономерности в формировании и накоплении рудных образований являются функцией многих факторов, среди которых одним из определяющих следует считать возникновение тектонических структур. На базе выявленных разноранговых геологических структур возможен прогноз разнотипного оруденения и выявление определенных закономерностей их размещения в пространстве и времени. Эти исследования базируются на выявлении структурно-вещественных ком¬плексов, как продукта различных геодинамических обстановок, а также возраст¬ного и пространственного соотношения с ними рудной нагрузки.
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Geology and Metallogeny of the East Kazakhstan Region in the Central Asian Mobile Belt
Authors B. Dyachkov, M. Mizernaya, N. Mayorova and N. ZimanovskayaРассматриваемая территория охватывает геологические структуры Рудного Алтая, Калбы и Жарма-Саура, входящие в состав Большого Алтая (БА). К бортовым структурам относятся Горный Алтай (на северо-востоке) и Чингиз-Тарбагатай (на юго-западе.) В региональном плане БА размещается в Северо-Западной Азии и входит в состав Центрально-Азиатского металлогенического пояса. По районированию подразделяется на два крупных субрегиона: 1) Юго-Западный Алтай-Синьцзян, сформированный в активной окраине Сибирской платформы, и 2) Жарма-Саур-Баганур, образовавшийся в борту Казахстанского микроконтинента. С позиций мобилизма эти структуры испытали длительное и сложное геологическое развитие от докембрия до киммерийского и альпийского циклов включительно, а в современном виде они разделяются Зайсанской сутурной зоной.
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Attenuating Seismic Random Noise by Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis
Authors F. Bayati and H.R. SiahkoohiSuppression of random noise can significantly improve the quality of seismic imaging. In this study we used a method, which reduces multichannel random noise and time of computations while protecting seismic structures. The method is based on multichannel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA). Usually attenuating multichannel random noise via rank reduction comes up with large block Hankel matrices and a large amount of computations. We applied a randomized singular value decomposition (RSVD) method (Oropeza and Sacchi, 2010) to estimate rank reduced matrices. We evaluated the performance of the method on synthetic and real seismic data.
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A Comparison of Different Methods of Velocity Analysis in Reflection Seismic Data Processing with AVO Anomalies
Authors M. Bashardoust, S. Torabi and M. Nabi-BidhendiIn this paper, four methods of velocity analysis including Energy-normalized crosscorrelation (EC), differential semblance (Θ), conventional semblance (CS) and AB semblance (α) are compared with each other to determine which of them is able to detect events with class II AVO. The equations of different methods are described, coded and then applied to synthetic data. “Contrast, velocity distinction and time distinction” are three new criteria which have been used to compare the results of these methods. In the next step, all the above methods are applied to real data which belongs to one of the southern oil fields in Iran. Finally, AB semblance led to the best results and in contrast to others, does not stretch velocities and detects shallow events as clear as deep events. It can be concluded that AB semblance method can calculate the velocities of overlapped events with polarity reversal. Furthermore, compared to other methods, this method is able to detect closed events with polarity reversal with more resolution
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A Successful ASP Flooding with Organic Alkaline
Authors A. Naghizadeh Dilmaghani and S. TeimoorzadiThis paper describes the use of a new type of Organic Alkaline that replaces and improves upon traditional Inorganic Alkalines such as Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Carbonate.The new Organic Alkaline was evaluated in ASP formulations containing commonly used Surfactants and Polymers. Organic Alkaline(s) uses can have very benefit.One of the most importanant benefit of Organic alkaline(s) is that it is non-toxic , so it can consider HSE (Health and Safety Environment) conception.Other advantage of OrganicAlkalines are that they are easily absorbed in environment.Their non-toxic, biodegradable properties make them particularly suitable for environmentally sensitive applications such as offshore and inland lakes.
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Improved Oil Recovery by the Efficiency of Nano-particle in Imbibition Mechanism
Authors G. Cheraghian and S. TardastiPrevious studies have indicated that the oil recovery from porous media may be substantially increased by the injection of miscible fluids.This all sounds great and water flooding has been used successfully for decades, however, it is important to take care to design and operate the flood appropriately. In this experiment, two nano-particles dissolved in water are used to inject into simulated environment and here they are Titanium dioxide and Fumed silica. Using nano-particles in all samples has resulted in recovery increase. Among the applications of the study is improvement in oil recovery (IOR) which can be applied in many water wet reservoirs dominated by inhibition mechanism to extract more flow through really small caliber pores . Using nano-particles in all samples has resulted in recovery increase. Finally,Considering the experiments, it is demonstrated that flows with nano and in particular Titanium dioxide nano have highest amount of recovery. So, using nano-particles in water flooding projects and even some of the polymer flooding ones (for IOR process).
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Channel Detection Using LTFT and Q Factor Estimation
More LessElastic energy of a seismic wave is attenuated while propagation through the earth. Generally, attenuation is determined by quality factor (Q) which is a dimensionless parameter. Due to the frequency dependency of attenuation, it is usually studied in frequency domain based on power spectrum and statistical methods. We used the local time-frequency transform (Fomel et al., 2010) as a time-frequency representation tool and the spectral ratio method to estimate Q for a given seismic data set using. Performance of the method was tested on both real and synthetic seismic data. A channel within a stacked volume was detected by estimating Q cube using the method.
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Crustal Velocity Structure in Central of Iran Using Local Earthquakes
Authors H. Zamanian, E. Bayramnejad and M.R. GheitanchiEarthquakes travel times inversion for determination of velocity structure of crust is one of the most important topics in seismology. In the simultaneous inversion method, the parameters of earthquakes and velocity model are determined initially and are improved during inversion steps. In this study, we have used more than 36000 calculated travel times for first arrivals of 8000 earthquakes, which occurred central of Iran (bounded 30°N-34°N & 50°E-56°E) to estimate P wave velocities and the thickness of the crust in this region. then about 564 earthquakes that located with high accuracy were selected for this study.by applying the results of previous studies and random models, the discontinuities of 10 Km, 20Km, and 44 Km Moho depth were assumed. The velocity 6 Km/s for depth down to 10 Km, 6.2 Km/s down to 20 Km, 6.5 Km/s down to 44 Km, and 8.2 Km/s for below the Moho were determined. We used new data and 1-D model to 3-D inversion and finally 3-D velocity structure was calculated by FAST software .We also used two deferent resolution tests to understanding where was reliable in the model.
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Empirical Spectral Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Iran
Authors F. Mehrabi, N. Mirzaei, H. Hamzehloo and A. MoradiUsing qualified accelerograms of the Iranian Strong Motion Network (ISMN), ground motion prediction equations for 5%-damped elastic response spectral acceleration in the period range of 0 to 3 seconds are developed for the purpose of seismic hazard analysis. The coefficients are included to model the effects of magnitude, source-to-site distance, local site effects and faulting mechanisms on the observed ground motions. Along with comparison to other ground motion models, the validity of the proposed equations is assessed by testing their applicability and investigating the distribution of residuals against the explanatory variables.
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Local Earthquake Tomography in the Central Alboz-Iran to Determining Upper Crust Velocity Anomaly
Authors T. Akbari, H. Shomali and A. TryggvasonSeismic inversion for three-dimensional variations of velocity is often used to delineate velocity anomalies including magma bodies in the crust and upper mantle. A 3-D Vp and Vs model is obtained for the upper crust in the Central Alborz Mountains using the local travel-time earthquake tomography method. About 350 seismic events distributed around Alborz Mountain Ranges from surface down to a depth of about 30 km have been used to elucidate the P and S wave velocity structure. The seismic arrival times are directly inverted using a 1D velocity model as the starting model in the inversion. The simultaneous inversion of hypocentral and velocity model parameters had a remarkable impact on improving the location of the earthquakes. The optimal gridding and regularization parameters are estimated via synthetic modeling. Tomography results show considerable velocity anomaly in Damavand cone nearby the region. Both the P- and S-wave velocities are reduced compared to the surrounding below 10 km depth.
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Variations of Moho Depth in Zagros, Central Iran and Alborz Zones Using P and S Receiver Functions
Authors N. Mohammadi, F. Sodoudi and A. GholamiThe current tectonics of the Iranian plateau resulted from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian Plates have made different seismotectonic zones with various geological formations within Iranian plateau. The study of the Moho depth variations leads us to determine tectonic setting process in the study region. P and S receiver functions techniques were used in this work as popular methods to detect the Moho depth variations within Iranian plateau. Due to the different deformation zones existed in the study region, our results show significant variations of the Moho beneath the Iranian plateau. Moho depth beneath Central Alborz is observed around 55±2 km, which is interpreted related to the shortening of the collision of Arabian–Eurasian plate. Moho depth decreases to 37±2 km beneath Central Iranian Plateau indicating less affected by the lithospheric thickening resulted from the collision. Our observations depict the increasing of the crustal thickness beneath the UDAM and SSZ zones along the lower latitudes, which implies that the convergent rate increases from NW to SE across the Zagros collision zone.
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Drilling Waste Sub-surface Re-Injection: Worldwide and in CIS
Authors S.M. Gumarov, T.A. Shokanov, P.V. Khudorozhkov, L. Mcleod and D.V. Blyusrill cuttings, waste mud, brine, oily drains, pits residuals, etc. is generated. This waste is required to be disposed in a responsible and environmentally friendly manner. Over the years, environmental regulations governing the disposal of such waste have tightened and each day regulatory agencies are demanding more stringent policies, especially for remote and environmentally sensitive areas. As a solution for drilling waste management in expanding offshore operations, in early 1990’s, a process of sub-surface disposal via high pressure injecting above the disposal formation’s fracture gradient emerged. While the technique was called differently in different countries and literature – Waste Injection (WI), Cuttings Re-Injection (CRI), DCI (Drill Cuttings Injections), SFI (Slurry Fracture Injection) – the common essence has been creating hydraulic fractures in the selected disposal formation to accommodate solids and while liquids leaked-off into formation. This paper describes the technology in brief and reviews history of its emerging and global implementation as well as discusses risks and historical failures. The second part of the paper is devoted to WI projects in CIS region and sub-surface assurance practices applied by M-I SWACO.
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