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Paleozoic of Northern Gondwana and Its Petroleum Potential A Field Workshop
- Conference date: 09 Sep 2012 - 14 Sep 2012
- Location: Kayseri, Turkey
- Published: 09 September 2012
21 - 40 of 44 results
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Stratigraphy And Graptolite Ages Of The Lower Silurian “Hot Shales” From The Taurides And Se Anatolia, Turkey
Authors H. Kozlu, V. Sachanski, M. C. Göncüoğlu and Y. GünayTo establish the stratigraphical position and the exact age of the Silurian “hot shales” in the Taurides and SE Anatolia, a number of sections were measured and sampled in detail. Graptolite data obtained from this study suggests that Lower Silurian is almost complete in the Taurides and includes more than one black shale interval. In the Eastern Taurides the measured sections are in Tufanbeyli-Pekmezköy and Sarız-Değirmentaş; additional spot samples were taken from Sarız-Mirzaağa, Tufanbeyli- Armutalan and Saimbeyli-Gürleflen sections. In the Central Taurides, Silifke-Ovacık and Bozyazı-Tekmen sections were measured and spot samples were taken from Silifke-Somaklı section. In the Western Taurides the Antalya-Kemer section was investigated and dated by conodonts from the limestone interlayers. In SE Anatolia, representing the northern margin of the Arabian Platform, Çermik-Southern Korudağ section was measured and the Gerger Çat section was investigated by a number of spot samples. In most of the studies sections in the Taurides, Hirnantian glacio-marine siltstones with channel-type sandstone bands and lenses make up the substratum of the measured sections.
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Silurian-Devonian Boundary In Se Anatolia (1): Organic Matter Variation As A Function Of The Depositional System At The Hazro Area
Authors U. Mann, O. Kranendonck, N. Bozdoğan and C. SoyluAt present, Silurian-Devonian boundary sequences are primarily distinguished by faunal changes which affected several groups of organisms, e.g., graptolites, conodonts, chitinozoans, (Paris et al., 1981; Walliser, 1996). Chlupac and Kukal (1986) described this marine faunal change in comparison with other Silurian bioevents as a minor, relatively gradual but globally traceable event. Nevertheless, the driving forces for this event as well as the parallel occurrence of first land plants, which started to conquer the continents since the Middle Silurian, are still under discussion.
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Cambrian
Authors M.C. Göncüoğlu, O. Elicki, H. Kozlu, S. Gürsu and Middle East Technical UniversityA number of the crystalline rocks with Cambrian radiometric ages are reported in the northern Istanbul-Zonguldak Terrane. Other than in the southern terranes, these arc-type granodiorites intrude or are associated with Late Neoproterozoic metagabbros, orthoamphibolites and pyroxenites (Ustaömer and Rogers, 1999). Overall, the Cambrian rocks are interpreted as representatives of a Cadomian intra-oceanic arc, formed within the Iapetus- Tornquist oceanic lithosphere (Göncüo¤lu, 1997; Göncüo¤lu and Kozlu, 1997). In some successions in the Menderes Massif and the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex of the Anatolides, rock units very similar to those in the Tauride-Anatolide platform are reported by Kozlu and Göncüo¤lu (1997). The Cambrian in the Taurides shows in general very similar features across the belt (Figure 1) and will be evaluated in detail in the following chapters.
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Sequence Stratigraphy Of The Paleozoic Successions In Saudi Arabia
By M. ŞenalpIn recent years, non-associated gas, condensate, and Arabian super light oil were discovered in the sandstones and carbonates of the Paleozoic successions in Oman, Qatar, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The exploration and production wells from these multiple reservoirs have yielded immense amount of data on the subsurface geology of both reservoir and non-reservoir formations. The sequence stratigraphy of the Paleozoic Successions in Saudi Arabia was constructed by using measured stratigraphic sections at outcrops and subsurface data from deep exploration and water wells. The successions have been subjected to a complex tectonic history. The two major tectonic events (Devonian Caledonian and Mid-Carboniferous Hercynian orogenesis), the two episodes (Late Ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous) of the Gondwanaland glaciations, and finally the break-up unconformity during the Late Permian time caused major deformations, regional erosion, peneplanation and deep incisions of valleys on the Arabian Platform. The maximum flooding surfaces were developed as result of melting ice mass during the deglaciation periods. These events are especially obvious in the stratigraphic record, and were used as regional correlation markers with other countries.
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Paleozoic Stratigraphy And Sedimentary Basin Evolution Of Se Turkey
Authors N. Bozdoğan, Research Center and D. PerinçekSE Turkey is a continuation of the Arabian Plate to the north in terms of the geological system (Figure-1). Sedimentary rocks were deposited in several basins in the area since Precambrian time. In order to understand the development of the sedimentary basin of the region, well data, field observations, structural, stratigraphical, sedimentological, micropaleontological, and palynological data and sedimentary features of the neighboring countries were evaluated. This review is based on the results from studies such as Bozdoğan and Erten (1990), Perinçek et al. (1992) and Bozdoğan and Ertug (1997).
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Early Ordovician Trace Fossils From The Amanos Mountains (Ne Osmanıye, Se Anatolia)
Authors H. Demircan and D. UstaTrace fossils are found in the Lower Ordovician quartzarenite shale alternations, to the northeast of Osmaniye in southeastern Turkey. The sequence contains abundant, diverse, and well-preserved arthropod ichnofossil assemblages comprising nineteen ichnogenera (Arthrophycus isp., Circulichnis isp, Cruziana isp. , Cruziana furcifera, Cruziana imbricata, Cruziana rugosa, Cruziana goldfussi, Deadulus isp., Didymaulichnus isp., Diplocraterion isp., Monocraterion isp., Monomorphichnus isp., Teichichnus isp., Skolithos isp., Palaeophycus isp., Planolites isp. Rusophycus isp. Protovirgularia isp., Trichophycus isp.). They are included in the Cruziana rugosa Group (Cruziana furcifera, C. goldfussi, C. rugosa) and can be used for chronostratigraphy throughout the Ordovician (Tremodocian to Arenigian). The presence of Cruziana furcifera, C. goldfussi, C. rugosa, and C. imbricata in the studied section indicate that the unit is of Early Ordovician (Tremodocian-Floian) age. These trace fossils belong to the shallow marine subtidal low-energy Cruziana ichnofacies.
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Late Devonian Conodonts And Ostracods From The Gümüşalı Formation (Feke, Adana), The Eastern Taurides, Turkey
Authors Ş. Çapkinoğlu, A. Nazik and E. ŞekerThe Devonian sequences of Eastern Taurides are divided into three formations in the previous works: Lower Devonian Ayı Tepesi, Middle Devonian Şafak Tepe and Upper Devonian Gümüşali Formations (Özgül et al, 1973; Metin et al, 1983; Yılmaz 2004; Göncüoğlu et al, 2005). The Upper Devonian Gümüşali formation of the eastern Taurides is a terrigenous-carbonate rock sequence about 600 m thick (Figure 1). Its basal portion is made up of dark grey limestones interbedded with shale or marly shale. The middle part consists of an alternation of limestone and shale with quartz sandstone and siltstone interbeds. The upper 85 meters is dominated by dark grey, silty-sandy, spiculitic limestones. Palaeontologic and sedimentologic data mainly indicate a shallow subtidal depositional environment. Late Devonian conodont and ostracod faunas were obtained from this formation.
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Cruziana Pavements In The Kümperli Region, Nw Kahramanmaraş, Se Of Turkey
Authors H. Demircan, D. Usta, Ş. Ateş and M. BeyazpirinçWell-preserved Cruziana pavements have been recently extraordinarly found in Lower Ordovician units of Amanos Mountain near NW Kahramanmaraş-Kümperli area (SE, Turkey). Cruziana pavements lithologically presents Lower Ordovician siliciclastic. The morphology and orientation of scratchmarks in these traces suggest that they may have been constructed by as trilobite traces, although some may have been produced by different types of arthropods. The traces are assigned to the Cruziana rugosa group. Ichnofossils have been useful particularly in depicting the Precambrian/Cambrian and Cambrian/Ordovician boundaries (Crimes, 1968, 1969; Seilacher, 1970). Many of these correlations imply the use of various species of the ichnogenus Cruziana as biostratigraphic indicators, because their morphological complexity is high and commonly corresponds well to specific groups of trilobites (Seilacher, 1990). The limitation of Cruziana to Paleozoic strata corresponds to the stratigraphic range of trilobites and, thus, has been inferred to have biostratigraphic significance (Crimes, 1968, 1969; Seilacher, 1970, 1990, 1994). Trace fossils commonly are preserved in sequences devoid of other fossils and, thus, may provide useful biostratigraphic data in certain situations. This papers objective is to discuss the significance of abundant, large Cruziana which were collected from the Lower Ordovician units of Amanos Mountain near NW Kahramanmaraş-Kümperli area (SE, Turkey). The morphology, biostratigraphic implications, ethological significance, and possible taxonomic identity of trace fossils are addressed.
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Corals Of The Upper Viséan Microbial-Sponge-Bryozoancoral Bioherm Of Kongul Yayla (Taurides, S Turkey), Palaeobiogeographic Relations
By J. DenayerThe Mississippian (lower Carboniferous) bioconstructions are well diversified and widely distributed (Aretz & Herbig, 2003), particularly in the upper Viséan strata. Such a reef was described from the Kongul Yayla outcrop located between Hadim and Taşkent (Central Taurides, South Turkey). The reef is included in the Zindancık Member of the Kongul Formation that belongs to the Bolkar Dağı tectonostratigraphic unit (Altıner & Ozgül 2001). Previous studies in this area (Ozgül 1997, Turan 2000) already recognized the reefal character of the Kongul Yayla outcrop, but never described it. Ozgül (1997) and Altıner & Ozgül (2001) attributed from Viséan to Serpukhovian age for the whole Kongul Formation. But, Ekmekçi & Kozur (1999) indicated a Moscovian age for the entire formation based on only four conodonts from one single locality. At first sight, the dating of the Kongul Formation is not precise. The coral association found in Kongul Yayla indicates an late Viséan age for the reef (see results below).
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Stratigraphy And Palaeogeography Of The Hasawnah Formation (Cambrian, Al Qarqaf Arch, Central-Western Libya): Data From Detrital Zircons And Trace Fossils
Authors M.M. Altumi, O. Elicki, U. Linnemann, M. Hofmann and M.C. GöncüoğluFor central-northern Africa there is a significant knowledge gap to be filled in order to create a consistent reconstruction of the dynamic evolution of this entire palaeogeographic region. This is of exciting interest, because for some areas there is also some economic aspect where included sediments, as in Libya, are significant elements of source rock or reservoir architecture or if they denote important aquifers. In Libya, early Palaeozoic rocks are mainly exposed at the margins of large intracratonic basins in the centralwestern to southwestern region of the country (Ghadamis Basin, Murzuq Basin), in the southeast (Al Kufrah Basin), and in the Tibesti Mountains in the south. One of the most important outcrop areas is in the Jebel Hasawnah (also called Jebel Fezzan or Jebel Al Qarqaf) of the Al Qarqaf Arch (AQA). The amplitude of the uplift is about 6000 m (up to 800 m elevation at present surface) in the AQA area relative to the basement level in the northern Ghadamis Basin area where this level is about 5200 m below surface. The AQA largely separates the Ghadamis Basin in the northwest from the Murzuq Basin in the south (Fig. 1) and represents the northernmost basement outcrop of the so-called Saharan Metacraton.
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U-Pb La-Sf-Icp-Ms Dating Of Detrital Zircons From An Upper Carboniferous Quartzite In The Sıyah Aladağ Nappe, Yahyali-Kayserı, E Taurides: Source Area Characteristics
Authors T. Ustaömer, A. Gerdes, P.A. Ustaömer and A. RobertsonEarly Palaeozoic sediments and/or meta-sediments in several crustal blocks in the Pontides tectonic belt of N Turkey, including the ‹stanbul terrane, Central Sakarya, Armutlu Metamorphics and Pulur Metamorphics revealed dominantly N Gondwanan source areas (P.A. Ustaömer et al. 2011, 2012; T. Ustaömer et al. 2012). In contrast, Late Paleozoic sediments in several of these crustal blocks indicate that Variscan magmatic and metamorphic rocks represent significant sources in addition to Pan-African and older crustal sources (N. Okay et al. 2011; our unpublished data). We have carried out a detailed provenance study of Early and Late Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks exposed in several thrust sheets and also within the relative autocthon of the Tauride belt of S Turkey: 1) to define the source ages and 2) to determine if a Variscan terrane was a source for the Late Palaeozoic sediments. In this study we report preliminary data from an Upper Carboniferous quartzite exposed in the Siyah Alada¤ Nappe of E Taurides. The quartzite studied comes from ca. 40 meters below the Girvenella zone and it is intercalated with neritic limestones and shales.
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Silurian-Devonian Boundary In Se Anatolia (2): Present Stage For The Biostratigraphic Positioning Of The Boundary Based On Brachiopods, Conodonts, Ostracods And Palynomorphs At The Hazro Area
Authors F.W. Luppold, R. Brocke, C. Doyen and U. MannIn 1980, Weyant in Fontaine et al. mentioned Spathognathodus inclinatus for the lower part of the section (Dadas I). Together with other fossilgroups they classified this part into the Lower Budnanian substage of the Bohemian classification (Upper Wenlockian to Upper Ludlowian). But still the correct paleostratigraphic position of the Silurian-Devonian boundary in the Hazro area of SE-Anatolia is unclear. This paper provides a summary of paleontological findings concerning brachiopods, conodonts, ostracods and palynomorphs for this area.
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Recent Stratigraphic Developments Regarding The SıPahıLı Formation Of Early Cambrian Age
More LessThe area between Silifke and Anamur provides a good opportunity to investigate stratigraphic and tectonic problems of the Central Taurus Belt. This area has been subjected to very detailed geological investigations since 1975. All lithostratigraphic units of this region ranging in age from Cambrian to Miocene have been carefully identified and named. The area has been mapped in a scale of 1/25.000. Geological reports of these investigations are existed in the files of the General Directorate of MTA (Demirtaşlı, 1982, 1983). Results of these geological investigations have also been published (Demirtaşlı, 1984, 1985). In spite of all these unpublished and published geological data some investigators studied in this area claimed that the age of the Sipahili Formation is Cretaceous (Özalp and Demirkol, 2003; Özgül and Kozlu, 1993). Very recently samples have been collected from various levels of the Sipahili Formation yielded Early Cambrian conodonts and trilobites. Determination of these samples were made by Prof. Dr. İsmet Gedik, Karadeniz Technical University.
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Ordovician
Authors H. Kozlu, J.F. Ghienne and Istanbul UniversityOrdovician successions in the North Gondwana are best understood in the framework of a Lower Paleozoic development. In the Cambrian-Ordovician successions of southern Turkey (Taurus chain or Taurides, Figure 1) and SE Turkey (Border Folds of the Arabian Plate), four major depositional sequences have been defined based on recognition of major transgressive events and subsequent shelf progradations (Ghienne et al., 2010).
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Palynofacies And Bulk Organic Geochemistry Of Permian Clastics In The Eastern Taurids: Implications For Hydrocarbon Potential
Authors E. Stolle, M. N. Yalçin and H. KozluMid to Upper Permian strata from road cuts near Sarız and Feke (Eastern Taurids, Fig. 1) were sampled for palynological study. Most of the claystone samples are found to be rich in palynological organic matter, and based on previous work the Permian deposits near Feke have some source rock potential (İlleez et al. 1994; Demirel and Kozlu 1997). A study, including organic geochemical and palynological investigation, was undertaken to more fully evaluate the source rock potential for this area.
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The Floristic Migration At The End Of Palaeozoic Times
Authors T. Dimitrova and C. ClealIn Middle Pennsylvanian times there were at least two biomes in tropical Euramerica: (1) wetlands known as coal swamps and (2) seasonally dry environments dominated by conifers, peltasperms and other gymnosperms (DiMichele & Aronson, 1992; Dimitrova et al., 2011). During late Middle Pennsylvanian and Late Pennsylvanian times there was a progressive change in the swamp vegetation, due to a combination of tectonically-driven landscape modification and climate change (Cleal et al., 2010, 2011). The partial removal of the arborescent lycopsids that represented the dominant ecomorphs of the swamp vegetation, removed patterns of incumbent advantage and permitted a lottery-like period of ecological and evolutionary escalation (DiMichele & Phillips, 1996). The result was that the coal swamps initially became dominated by fast-growing, weedy tree ferns. Eventually, in late Late Pennsylvanian and Permian times the swamps became fully drained and the conifer-peltasperm dryland vegetation came to dominate the lowland areas (Kerp, 1996).
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Analysis Of The Ironstones (Upper Lochkovian And Middle Givetian) Within Carbonate Platform Succession (Nw Anatolia): A Paleoclimatic Approach
Authors İ.Ö. Yilmaz, M.C. Göncüoğlu, G. Saydam-Demiray and İ. GedikPaleoclimate of the Devonian is generally known as warm and carries the important contribution of plant communities. Climate in the Lower Devonian is generally arid and dry in the southern hemisphere, and characterised by presence of evaporites and paleosoils. In the Middle Devonian, it presents a relatively warmer snap. This warming is reflected as presence of coal desposits. In the Upper Devonian, there is cold snap and associated with presence of glaciers (Boucot, 2009). Joachimsky et al (2009), on the other hand, suggested that the lower – middle Givetian was characterised by cooler T with about 20-22°C and upper Lochkovian by warm tropical temperatures with around 30 °C using global isotope data set.
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Silurian Organic-Rich Source Rocks Of Russia
Authors O.K. Bogolepova, A.P. Gubanov and M.N.D. KayeThe Silurian interval in the history of the Earth was characterized by widespread deposition of source rocks. They generate 9% of the world’s petroleum reserves (Klemme and Ulmishek 1991) and are known from many parts of the world in Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America, and Australia. At present, 26 basins are characterized by the presence of Silurian organic-rich sediments, represented mainly by graptolite black shale and bituminous cephalopod (“Orthoceras”) limestone. Of particular interest and detailed study so far is the early Silurian “hot” shale of the Middle East and North Africa (Lüning et al. 2000). However there is an apparent lack of data and uncertainties from the other areas of potential Silurian source rock distribution (e.g. Baltic states, and the territory of Russia).
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Shale Gas Assessment Of The Silurian Formations Of Turkey
By Ş. ŞenShale gas studies in US, Canada and Europe have grown in recent years. Organic matter content (TOC > 1%), maturity (Ro > 1% or Tmax > 450 °C) and mineralogy (high percentages of quartz and low percentages of clay) are essential for shale gas assessment (Ross and Bustin, 2008; Jarvie et al., 1997). The Western Pontide, Eastern Tauride and SE Anatolia of Turkey contain the Silurian hot shales (Fig 1). Organic matter content and maturity trends of the Silurian shales of Turkey have been studied in the Western Pontide by Harput et al. (1999), in the Eastern Tauride by İlleez et al. (1994), Demirel and Kozlu (1997), Korkmaz et al. (2008) and in the SE Anatolian by Aydemir (2011). Mineral content of the Silurian shales in the Pontide have been studied by Bozkaya et al (2011). Aim of this study is to interpret the Silurian shale gas potential of Turkey in the light of the published data and investigation of this study.
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Silurian
Authors H. Kozlu, V. Sachanski, M.C. Göncüoğlu and Istanbul UniversitySilurian rocks are reported from the Istanbul-Zonguldak Terranes in NW Anatolia, in the Taurides-Anatolides, as well as in the SE Anatolian Autochthon. The NW Anatolian Istanbul-and Zonguldak terranes were separated from the main body of NW Gondwana as a part of the Avalonian-Central European Terrane Assemblage (Perigondwanan Terrane Assemblage e.g. Nance et al, 2012) and drifted towards N across the Rheic Ocean. By this the differences (e.g. Lakova and Göncüo¤lu, 2005) in the paleogeographical setting has resulted in dissimilarities in litho- and biostratigraphy (Figure 1) between the Northern (Istanbul-Zonguldak) and Southern (Taurides-SE Anatolian Autochthon) areas (Göncüo¤lu and Kozlu, 1997). In the former group there are also differences in the lithostratigraphy (e.g. Kozlu et al, 2002a). In the Anatolides, the metamorphic edge of the Tauride-Anatolide platform, Middle and Upper Silurian low-grade metamorphic turbidites with black lydites and brownish limestone bands had been reported only from the Konya area, dated by conodonts (Göncüo¤lu et al, 2000).
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