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18th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey
- Conference date: 11 May 2011 - 13 May 2011
- Location: Ankara, Turkey
- Published: 11 May 2011
41 - 60 of 163 results
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Electrical & Control Systems of an Unmanned Platform: Akçakoca
By S. SaydereAt this presentation we will introduce basis of electrical power, safety, control, telecommunication and instrumentation systems of an unmanned gas platform. The electrical and control systems are designed according to redundancy, fail safe philosophy and as simple as possible. Except equipments in the control room, all the electrical or electronic equipments are ex-proof or in the ex-proof Junction boxes. The main systems are as follows: Generators: Gas Turbine and Diesel generators, which both of them are exproof. The main advantages are low maintenance, working between %0-100 loads, no problem at following transient currents, etc. Diesel Generator is the redundant one. MCC:) With two ATS, Motor Control Center (MCC) can make selections of the power supplies and all the main power is observed with a power analyzer. MCC is withdrawer type. DC UPS: It is designed for 50 amp nominal. Whenever there is a blackout, it has 3 days DC backup at worst case. It has 12x80 amp charger for fast charging. Control Room is a positive pressured room that is taking it air from unclassified are. It has fully redundant heating, airconditioning and ventilation system. It has special extinguishing, air flow, gas and smoke detections. Nav-Aids is a system to warn with voice and lights surrounding area of the platform according to Solas (Safety of Life at Sea). It consist of 4 lanterns, 1 horn, control systems, batteries, chargers, etc. If there is a blackout, it uses 2 solar rays of panels for supply and charging Auxiliary Equipments: Lighting is consisting of 5 power lines, which consist of both emergency and normal lightning. False loads are for the diesel generator for low power consumption. Heaters are for helping protection from freezing of some equipments and piping. Also, there are various kinds of equipments like intrusion detector, vibration detector, receptacles, etc. Fire detection systems: Fusible pug panel that has 28 fusible plugs around the platform with two lines. As an additive, fire detectors, gas detectors, esd and fire stations, safety transmitters and switches, horns and beacons, etc. Skid base instrumentation systems mainly consist of transmitters, switches, control valves, etc. Wellhead control is with a dedicated wellhead control panel systems which is at side. PLC, telecommunication, onshore control, IO connections. System is with hot redundant PLC, all the Safety Integrity Systems are fail safe IOs.
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The Geothermal Energy Exploration Activities of MTA in Turkey
More LessAs is known, our country has a great potential in terms of geothermal energy. Our Directorate-General plays an important role in the discovery and evaluation of this potential and produces significant projects in this respect. The theoretical geothermal energy potential of Turkey is accepted as 31,500 MWt. In our country, the first geothermal energy exploration studies were initiated by MTA in 1962 in İzmir Balçova. Up to now, 504 wells, having a total depth of 252.515m, have been drilled, and a total of 190 geothermal fields have been discovered, and including the natural discharges, a total of 4550 MWt heat energy has been produced. The number of discovered geothermal fields has increased from 173 to 190 with the drilling activities. In Turkey, geothermal energy is mainly used in thermal tourism, space heating, greenhouse applications, electricity production and industrial mineral (CO2) production. In Turkey, there are 18 geothermal fields, discovered by MTA, which are suitable for geothermal power production. Within these fields, there are 7 fields which are currently used for electricity production and/or in project stage with license. In our country power production from geothermal energy is expected to reach 600 MWe by the end of 2013. The direct use applications of geothermal energy in our country include district heating, greenhouse heating and thermal tourism. Currently, there are 18 settlements which use geothermal for central house heating (81060 Residance Equivalence, 729 MWt), there are 15 fields where greenhouse heating is applied (1989500 m2, 379 MWt) and there are a total of 306 thermal resorts which offer medical treatment and thermal tourism applications. In our department, drilling studies have been initiated in a total of 26 wells that were programmed in 2010, and 19 of these wells have been completed, reaching a total geothermal drilling depth of 21533.15 m. With the completed wells, about 119,38 MWt of energy has been added to the country potential, and only with the wells drilled by our directorate the geothermal energy potential has reached 3906 MWt.
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Geothermal Energy Potential of Turkey
Authors E.D.K. Başel, Ü. Serpen and A. SatmanIn this study the stored heat in the first 3 km depth of Turkey, identified geothermal capacity of known 279 occurrences and geothermal potential of fields in terms of power generation and direct use applications are estimated. Our results revealed that the geothermal resource potential of rocks shallower than 3 km is 3±1x1023 J. The current identified geothermal capacity of the known 279 geothermal localities has reached about 5550 MWt and 5944 MWt on a reference temperature of 20 oC and 15 oC respectively. A total of 122 potential geothermal fields (25 fields suitable for electric power generation, 100 are suitable for nonelectric usages and three of them could be classified for both usages) are evaluated using volumetric reserve estimation method. Monte Carlo type of simulation technique is employed for calculations of estimations. According to Monte Carlo simulation results, 122 fields have a lower limit of 28 500 MWt (cumulative probability; P10) thermal potential assuming that all fields are exploited for direct use only. Taking the results of the Monte Carlo Simulation studies for high temperature geothermal fields the results of P10, P50 and P90 values are calculated as 1055, 1469 and 2105 respectively. The lower limit of Turkey geothermal potential for electricity generation for those 25 high temperature fields is estimated to be 1055 MWe and the corresponding value for direct use to be 22 450 MWt for a reference temperature of 100 oC and 15 oC, respectively. In case of integrated exploitation of those 25 high temperature fields, the corresponding potential for direct use is 12 860 MWt. In case of integrated exploitation of the 25 high temperature fields for both electricity generation and direct use, and the direct use exploitation of all other fields, the direct use potential corresponding to P10 value is 18 910 MWt. Capacity and the potential values given here apply only to known and identified fields already discovered in Turkey. Geothermal heat pumps, the EGS applications, and undiscovered fields are not taken into consideration. With the consideration of these possible applications in future, the potential and capacity values would be much higher than the current values.As a final part of this study the subsurface temperature distribution maps at 500 m and 1000 m depths generated for Turkey and as well as for the Southeastern Anatolia and Thrace Regions are presented.
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Determination of Protection Areas in Geothermal Fields
Authors B. Akan and H. DağıstanAs a general belief, the geothermal systems are regarded as endless natural reservoirs and therefore, they are put into use without the knowledge of the hydrodynamic behavior of the aquifer, an essential knowledge required for an efficient management that will sustain the reservoir. The concept of sustainability has great importance in all energy resources including geothermal energy. From this point of view, the sustainability of geothermal resources related with potection of geothermal springs. In this case the protection areas are of vital importance so as prevent contamination of geothermal reservoir and take measures to prevent possible negative change of pressure and temperature conditions at reservoir. According to data from geology, hydrogeology study and well tests results, the boundary of protection zone of geothermal area should have determined to protect the geothermal reservoir. These boundaries should have shown at geology map and public improvements map. In these boundaries the measures should be taken and put into practice.
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Research of Geothermal Fields by Utilising Potential Field Data
Authors S. Tufan, A. Özdemir and M. DoğanayGravity and magnetic methods, are oriented to potential theory, main geophysical survey methods. Generally, on the exhaustive fields, available to research of the whole mineral property (mineral, oil, geothermal etc.), detailed geological survey, other geophysical survey and drilling studies oriented for determining target fields and additionally, in the world and Turkey, fields of application are on the increase on the grounds that these methods are low-priced. Gravity method is affected from the gravitational field and magnetic method is affected from the magnetic field. Underground, heterogenous structure, consists of mineral condensations form to magmatic, sedimentary, metamorphic and economical richness. These rocks and mineral condensations are different density and magnetic susceptibility at the different depths and sizes. All of the differences cause to variations on the vertical component of the acceleration of gravity and magnetic field. These variations are measured by special improved tools and the basis of gravity and magnetic methods is evaluation and interpretation of these measurements. The bouguer correction of the magnetic data, transformation of magnetic data to gravity data, approximation from the power spectrum to geological structure depth, determination of approximately boundaries of the geological structure causing to this anomaly, geologically 2B modelling of the aerial magnetic data and 3B modelling by means of prisms methods use for the interpretation of the aerial magnetic data and modeling of the geological structure causing to this anomaly. Determination of the compatibility to the geothermal survey of a field, at first, local geology, geophysical (aerial magnetic and regional gravity), elevation and satellite image data should be analysed in common. And later, detailed surveys (geological mapping, geochemical sampling, geophysical and drilling works) should be done. It is clear that if it is standardised to be done of locally preliminary investigations with potential field data (aerial magnetic and regional gravity) before than licence purchase, field purchase-recirculate and detailed surveys, it will make a great contribution to the sector. In this study, research of geothermal fields by utilising the aerial magnetic and regional gravity data investigated by examples. Advantages of locally preliminary prospecting by using potential field data before than detailed researches at the geothermal surveys and best available results have been presented by this study.
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Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Environments of the Upper Triassic Carbonate-Evaporite Succession of Denizli-Kızılyer (SW Anatolia, Turkey)
Authors H. Alçiçek, B. Varol and A. GandinThe Upper Triassic carbonate-evaporite Kızılyer unit, which outcrops mainly in southeastern Denizli area (SW Turkey), occurs as a tectonic slice within the carbonate and ophiolithic units of allochthonous Lycian nappes (Alçiçek et al, 2003; Gündoğan et al., 2008). It consists of interbedded layers of sulphates (anhydrite/gypsum), dolostone and dolomitic limestones represented by: Lithofacies-I: dark gray homogeneous dolostone, including three microfacies: mudstone: dolomicrite, with rare ostracods and ghosts of foraminifers; wackestone-packestone: dolobiomicrosparite, including peloids, foraminifers, rare ostracods and echinoderm plates with syntaxial overgrowths; and bioclastic packstone: composed of ostracods, ossicles of echinoderms/crinoids and peloids; and Lithofacies-II: light-dark grey dolomitic limestone with fenestral fabrics, including two microfacies: cryptalgal boundstone composed of discontinuous cryptalgal laminae which fragments are separated by dolosparitic or sulphate cements and ostracod/peloidal packstone-grainstone: made up of alternating layers containing ostracods, algal aggregates and traces of hyaline foraminifers. Sedimentological and micropalaeontological evidences indicate that Kızılyer succession was deposited in protected environments of the peritidal zone of a shallow inner ramp under a tropical/arid climate.
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Mineralogical and Petrographic Features of the Hydrothermal Alteration Around Sandıklı (Afyon) Geothermal Field
Authors D. Okur, İ. Gündoğan, İ.H. Kahramanderesi, Y. Yücel-Öztürk, C. Helvacı and E. KanlıThe study area is located in the Sandıklı district, 40 km southwest of Afyon city. The area was intensely affected by hydrothermal alteration and geothermal systems related to tectonic and volcanic activities during the western Anatolian Neo-tectonic period. Miocene volcanic activity in the Sandıklı district produced alkaline lavas and calc-alkaline pyroclastic rocks. There are many examples of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization occurrences within the investigated area. The basement rocks consist of low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Afyon zone. The hydrothermal alteration can be traced from Hüdai thermal water to the north and east in the Sandıklı volcanic rocks. The borehole data indicate that the effects of hydrothermal alterations continue further depths. Mineral paragenesis of the alteration is studied and revealed by mineralogical and petrographic studies from the borehole samples. Silicification and chalcedony plus hematite occurrences are extensive at the depth of 50-60 meters of AFS 12 and 13. Marcasite and sericite with pyrite and hematite abundances increases further depths. Euhedral Fe-Ti oxides are seen at the interval of 110-180 m interval. In addition to these, sanidine and euhedral pyroxene (augite) with primary apatite and titanomagnetite minerals are also observed. The Seydişehir formation is cut at the depth of 316 m of AFS 15. Furthermore, fractured and sulfured zones are cut at the depth of 136, 179, 217, 452, 484 and 598 meters, respectively. The Seydişehir formation is cut at the depth of 312 m of AFS 16, and fractured and sulfured zones are cut at the depth of 244, 246, 396, 478, 634, 638, 654, 678, 916 and 920 meters, respectively. In the AFS 17, the Seydişehir formation is cut at 332 m and sulfured zones are observed at the depth of 156, 260, 304, 380, 762 and 960 meters. The borehole data indicate that Hüdai quartzite is second reservoir rock. Hüdai quartzite is observed at 500 meter. The project aims are targeted to obtain higher temperatures at 7 holes studied, in addition to the previous bore holes. The basement rocks show different sequences in these 7 holes. Main production zone is revealed from Hüdai quartzite. In the Hüdai quartzite, hydrothermal mineralization riches and thermal water temperature increases with depth. Production temperatures are given depend on productions. The study is still on progress in order to obtain further data from the geothermal field. Key words: Hydrothermal alteration, Alteration mineralogy, Geothermal resources, Western Anatolia, Sandıklı geothermal field.
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3D Subsurface Modeling of Gümüşköy Geothermal Area, Aydın, Turkey
Authors S. Akar, O. Atalay, Ö.Ç. Kuyumcu, U.D. Solaroğlu, S. Arzuman and B. ÇolpanIn this study, 3D subsurface model of the Gümüşköy Geothermal Area was generated to identify geology and geothermal system using existing information of various sources. In this perspective, Petrel® modeling software was used to prepare 3D lithology, structural geology, resistivity, and temperature models within the study area. Western Anatolia, where the study area is placed, exhibits a unique importance as it governs most of the geothermal producing systems in Turkey. BM Engineering and Construction Inc. started early exploration studies for Gümüşköy region in 2005 and during five years of period different sources of data including geology, geochemistry, geophysics and well logs have been collected. Geothermal System of Gümüşköy can be defined as hot-water dominated convective hydrothermal resource with deep circulation of water along fractures settled in the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG). The methodology that we followed was composed of four stages; Data input, Structural Modeling, Property Modeling and Uncertainty. Data input stage includes both conventional and GIS format data. Structural modeling defines the skeleton of the 3D model including Fault Model, Grid mesh, Model Horizons and Zones. Property Modeling is the output stage where, 3D subsurface models like lithology, resistivity, temperature, and pressure were generated. Lithology model has been built using both deterministic and stochastic approaches. Deterministic approach gave more realistic results but there is always uncertainty which can be corrected with the new wells drilled. Resistivity/ Temperature model built with different algorithms such as; Minimum Curvature, Gaussian Random Function Simulation (GRFS), trend operation and co-krigging. On the whole, GRFS with collocated co-krigging found to be the optimum solution. Uncertainty expresses the quality of the work done and defines the level of ambiguity. An uncertainty analysis has been conducted to the selected model with probabilistic calculations. All of the relevant data have been investigated to build a suitability model and consistency of the model has also been proved by the new well drilled in the area. Constructing a 3D subsurface model helped for visualizing and understanding of structural framework, geology and interactions of geothermal system. This model will be used as the basis of a 3D numerical modeling (dynamic) of the reservoir.
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Supplemantary Cementitious Materials in Geothermal Wells
By B. AlpIn Geothermal and hot wells, conventional cement slurries, which is cement and silica mixture composition, prepared in Turkey and also in TPAO. To catch up with the required properties for the slurry (thickening time, fluid loss, strength..etc), too much additives need to be used. This increases the costs of the cementing operation. Therefore, pplicability cementitious materials like slag and fly ash were added to cement with silica. Their performance was investigated according to the results of the analysis; thickening time, strength, fluid loss and flow properties. The aim of this study is to increase the pplicability of these additives in geothermal wells.
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Acoustic Structure of Eastern Black Sea Continental Slope, Shallow Gas and BSRs: Preliminary Results
Authors S. Okay, G. Çifçi, D. Dondurur, S. Özel, H.M. Küçük, S. Gürçay, D.C. Kim and S.-H. Baents, geology of the seafloor and existence of the mud volcanoes to understand the economical potential of the area. This is a collaborative bilateral project which is funded by both TÜBİTAK and KRF in Korea. The second leg of this Project was the acquisition of high resolution multichannel seismic reflection and chirp data with the participation of Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (IMST) and Pukyong National University (PKNU) in the Easternmost Black Sea. The aim of the project; the formation and destabilization of gas hydrates, the various forms of hydrocarbon seepage (seabed pockmarks, mud volcanoes, leaking faults)and the mapping of shallow gas and gas hydrates in both Eastern Black Sea and Gwangway Bay in south Korea. Thereby geophysical and geological investigations will determine the hydrocarbon reserves of Easternmost Black Sea. Data acquisition was held in October 2010 onboard R/V K.Piri Reis which belongs to Dokuz Eylül University. Data acqusition and processing are carried out by acoustic and seismic equipments of SeisLab at IMST. Big amount of slumps and slides at the eastern Black Sea continental slope area are evident. And also wide zones of shallow gas accumulations and BSR’s are observed. There are few extant investigations on gas accumulations and gas hydrate formations at the Eastern Black Sea coasts of Turkey.
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Gas and Gas Hydrate Accumulations on the Western Black Sea Continental Slope
Authors Ö. Özel, D. Dondurur, S. Gürçay, S. Okay, H.M. Küçük, H. Sarıtaş, M. Er, M. Korkmaz and G. ÇifçiThe investigation of possible gas and gas hydrate accumulations and determination of possible reservoirs in marine environments have both economical and strategical importance. Today, the Black Sea is an important area for hydrocarbon accumulations. Shelf and slopes with high sedimentation rates is considered as methane sources and gas seeps are observed around the basin. In order to investigate gas and gas hydrate accumulations in the Western Black Sea continental slope, approximately 355 km of high resolution multichannel seismic data was collected in 2008. The data was processed using conventional processing steps. Anomalous zones of gas accumulations were determined on the final migrated sections using seismic attribute analysis (instantaneous polarity, phase and frequency as well as reflection strength). In one limited area, a Bottom Simulated Reflection (BSR) indicating gas hydrate formations was also observed. Shallow gas accumulations have generally been observed below the ridge structures forming anticline-type formations. The accumulations are located generally 150-250 ms below the seabed, and the reflections from top of the gas reservoirs are distinguished by their distinctive negative polarity. Below these bright reflections is gassy sediments as semi-transparent dim zones. The instantaneous frequency sections show low frequency local anomalous zones, indicating a higher attenuation of seismic signal due to the gas accumulation.
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Observed Gas and Gas Hydrate Accumulatıons Offshore of Zonguldak-Kozlu
Authors H.M. Küçük, D. Dondurur, G. Çifçi, M. Ergün, S. Gürçay, M. Er, Ö. Özel and M. KorkmazBlack Sea is known as consist of a basin with two part and largely sediment thickness. East and west basins are divided by Andrussov and Archengelsky ridges and study area is located in the western basin. Previous studies in the area point out to gas and gas hydrate accumulations from continental slope to abyssal plain at west, central and east side of Black Sea. For this purpose, multichannel seismic reflection, chirp and multibeam bathymetry data were collected at offshore of Zonguldak – Kozlu region from shelf to abyssal plain of Black Sea in 2010. Preliminary results show gas and gas hydrate accumulations and wide spread BSR reflections. BSR reflections are clearly seen on migration sections with general processing stages after verification of common offset sections of approximately 1600 km high resolution multichannel seismic reflection data. In addition, It is known that Akçakoca-1 well which is near the study area produces gas considerably and study area offers very high potential in terms of energy resources from continental slope to abyssal plain.
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Tectonic – Oil Potentıal Relationships of the Akçakoca (Offshore) Region, Western Black Sea, Turkey
By A. ÜnalAkçakoca region (offshore) is one of the natural gas producing area in Turkey. The splays of the North Anatolian Fault, formed during the collision of the Anatolian and Russian plates in Miocene influenced reservoir characteristics and distribution in the investigated region. Study of seismic sections and well data, indicating deepening of the area towards NW, show that the anticlines, reverse – thrust faults and pinch – outs, considered as stratigraphic traps, constitute principal factors which influenced oil and gas possibilities of the region. The stratigraphic column of the study area is rather rich in reservoir, source, cap rock contents. Altough Eocene Kusuri and Cretaceous Çağlayan formation in the upper part of the stratigraphic column are accepted on good source rocks, further studies reveal & deeper Carboniferous source rock origin for the natural gas in Akçakoca – 1 well, which has been discovered by TPAO in 1976. The tectonic elements influencing the oil and gas possibilites of the investigated area, are the anticlines, reverse – thrust faults and pinch – outs, generated by collision of the Anatolian and Russian plates.
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Subsea BOP, Secondary Intervention System
By F. DumanSubsea BOP Safety is the most important issue for all industry, especially for offshore operations. That’s why BOP control systems are of the utmost importance. BOP functions in the event of total loss of the primary control system, Secondary intervention systems the last line of defense in preventing and/or minimizing environmental event, human injuries and loss of lives. Subsea BOP (Blow Out Preventer) control systems are required to remotely operate blowout preventers that are located on the seafloor in floating drilling operations. The primary components of the BOP control system are the redundant control pods located on the BOP stack. These pods direct the flow of high pressure hydraulic fluid, used to operate the BOPs, from the surface to the BOPs on the seafloor. There are two primary types of control systems: Hydraulic and E/H (Electro- Hydraulic). The key difference between the two systems is the method employed to send a signal to the control pod to initiate the desired BOP function. With a hydraulic system, the signal is hydraulically transmitted from the surface to the valves in the control pod. These valves then direct the hydraulic fluid to initiate the BOP function. The signal travels this distance in 5 to 30 seconds depending on water depth and hose type. With an E/H system, electrical signals transmitted from the surface actuate solenoids within the control pods in a fraction of a second. The control pods then hydraulically activate the BOP function. Thus, the BOP function response time is a combination of the signal transmission time and the main hydraulic fluid flow time. Because the BOP function activation signal reaches the pod in an E/H system much faster than in a hydraulic system, the E/H system is particularly well suited to ultra deepwater applications. In these operations fast electrical signal response times are required to minimize the time it takes for risers to decouple and for annular and ram-type BOPs to close. Secondary intervention can be described as an alternate means to operate BOP functions in the event of total loss of the primary control system or to assist personnel during incidents of imminent equipment failure or well control problems. A secondary intervention system can be completely independent and separate or utilize components of the primary BOP control system. These systems are of the utmost importance and offer the last line of defense in preventing and/or minimizing environmental and safety incidents. An advanced knowledge of secondary intervention systems and their shortfalls could prevent an environmental event, human injuries, and/or loss of lives. Systems and practices vary considerably from rig to rig, geographic area and regulatory agency.
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AC Drilling Rigs in Turkish Petroleum Corporation
More LessNew technologies and necessities in drilling activities lead to new designs for drilling rigs. In recent years, one of the preferred technologies is the AC (Alternating Current) which has also been started to be utilized by Turkish Petroleum Corperation. TPAO has 3 AC electrical rigs on its own inventory. The aim of this study is to outline working principles, equipment and technology of the AC Drilling Rigs, Furthermore, it summarizes the Rig upgrade experiences of TPAO starting from 2001 up to now and informs about the new developments in rig technology.
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Logistics Operations in Sürmene-1 Ultra-Deepwater Drilling
By M.T. ÖztürkUltra-deep water drilling operations are conducted in water depths more than 1000m and they are the most challenging tasks in the oil industry. Such kind of high risk and high cost tasks includes variety of sub-tasks and logistics operations are one of them. In order to provide link between rig site and land, shore base plays key role in terms of supplying every kind of material to the rig according to operational necessities complying with required rigging, lifting and handling procedures. In 2010, November, TPAO started to drill Sürmene-1 well and logistics operations are conducted in Trabzon Shorebase from September 2010 to March 2011. Logistics base established one month prior to the spud of the Sürmene-1 well and nowadays operating with reduced crew for the next operations. During active period of the Trabzon base, all equipment related to rig site send from base via 2 platform supply vessels (PSVs) Siem Danis & Siem Louisa. Dedicated mud plant of 5000bbl total capacity is operated in the base in order to mix drilling fluid and supplying back-up drilling fluid in case of severe losses. Bulk materials that required during operations are provided with bulk units established in the base. On the other hand prior to sending casings to the rig, inspection activities conducted such as non-destructive test, drifting and thread control. One key item used in shore base during Sürmene-1 well was the bucking machine. Bucking machine used in order to make-up and break-down all wellhead running tools, liner running tools, cement heads and all casing accessories in order to gain from rig time. All activities conducted during active period of the Trabzon Shorebase, no lost time incidents (LTI), no accidents happened. Moreover, during drilling of Sürmene-1 well, Logistics-Non Productive Time of the operation rated as 0%. In this work, Shorebase activities conducted fully complying with offshore industry standards during Sürmene-1 well is assessed and key factors of such kind of successful operation is defined.
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Petrographic Examination of the Southeast Anatolian Asphaltite Occurrences and Their Utilisation
More LessAsphaltite is a form of natural organic material, which is solid, hard, black, black-brownish colored, and of petroleum source (Kavak, 2011). Its fusion temperature is about 200-315°C. It is soluble in Carbon Disulfide. It is also defined as a solid petroleum based mine formed with metamorphism. Liquid and semi liquid component of heavy petroleum solidifies in a suitable environment (as fracture, void etc.) and settles with effects of migration controlled with hydrostatic pressure, gas pressure, capillarity, gravitation and heat. Mobile asphalt passes through various fractures and cracks up to surface. There are various forms of asphaltites in nature and it is mostly observed in Sirnak region in Turkey and settled within fault and fracture cavities. In spite of high sulphure, ash and volatile matter content, asphaltite is utilized as heating fuel and even has been known as “coal”. It is possible to produce a great deal of material from asphaltite and also used in production of paint, varnish, car-tires, electric insulation, battery preservation, expanded natural rubber, floor tiles and waterproof cables.
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Rig NOV2000 TD 500 PAC Utilization and Advantages for Drilling
By S. KuruTD (Top Drive) drilling system, which have been used by petroleum industry since 80’s, entered TPAO inventory at 2002 with TD 500 PAC model produced by NOV(National). This electric TD has 500 tonnes hookload and 1750 HP drawworks capacity. It is used in Rig F-320 by TPAO for an important project, The Silivri Natural Gas Storage Project firstly. After that, it is used in NOV- 2000 Rig and drilled successfully the deepest well of Türkiye, Yuvaköy-1 (TD:7216 m). Currently it’s being used in NOV-2000 rig in Adıyaman District. As the TD 500 PAC’s (which had a cost of 1 billion dollars to TPAO) benefits and importance recognized over time, from 2002 to 2010, this 8 years ended up in switching 8 Kelly drilling systems to TD systems. And this revision is still on progress. TD drilling system not only brings the advantages gain time while drilling thus lowering the costs; but also provides a high performance on tripping, fishing, horizontal drilling and extended reach operations. Moreover, TD usage is much safer than Kelly system according to Health&Safety. This presentation will inform you about TD 500 PAC’s usage, the differences from Kelly system, the benefits of TD system and the experiences gained during the important projects such as, The Silivri Natural Gas Storage Project, Karbeyaz and Yuvaköy wells.
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Modeling of Cuttings Transport in Horizontal Wellbores Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
By M. SorgunAccurate modeling of cuttings transport mechanism in horizontal wells becomes more critical while predicting frictional pressure loss and transport velocities. Since drillstring is usually rotating during drilling operations, it increases the complexity of the behavior of the drilling fluid and cuttings transport inside the wellbore. Experimental and numerical results demonstrated that pipe rotation significantly improves the cuttings transport ability of the fluids inside the wellbore, especially if the drillstring is in an eccentric position. Drilling fluid velocity is the most important drilling parameter affecting hole cleaning. The critical fluid velocity required for effective hole cleaning considerably decreases as pipe rotation is introduced. Moreover, a decrease in the pressure loss is observed due to the bed erosion while rotating the pipe. In this study, cuttings transport in fully eccentric horizontal annulus is modeled using Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) software for different flow rates, pipe rotation speeds and rate of penetrations. Extensive experimental studies have been conducted at Middle East Technical University, Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering Flow Loop using water flow velocities from 0.64 m/s to 3.05 m/s, rate of penetrations from 0.00127 to 0.0038 m/s, and pipe rotations from 0 to 120 rpm. Pressure loss within the test section and stationary and/or moving bed thickness are recorded. Model predictions are compared with over 90 experimental frictional pressure loss values. Results show that, model can estimate frictional pressure loss within an error range of ± 20 %.
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Drilling Results 2007 – 2009 in the Western Black Sea Targeted on Neogene Deep and Shallow Water Sediments
Authors A. Gray, A. Sefünç and H. YıldırımPrior to 2007 the only drilling in the West Balck sea ( west of Istanbu) were the Karadeniz-1(1970), Igneada-1(1971), and Limankoy 1 and 2 (1999). The resuslts of all of these wells were negative . Despite this, during the period 2006 to 2009 Toreador Turkey embarked upon an exploration campaign in the western Black Sea. Well Karaburun-1(2007) was located adjacent to the Kırklareli area to the Southwest of the previously drilled wells İgneada-1 and Karadeniz-1, The Karaburun-1 well location was defined by seismic surveys conducted during 2007. Karaburun targeted a basement high structure thought to be overlain by Sogucak reefal carbonates. This premise was found to be false and the well finished in volcanics of Yemislicay with no resrvoir potential being encountered. Durusu-1 well was identified by a 1500 km 2D marine seismic survey which was acquired in 2006. Tertiary sediments cover the basement rocks of Istrandja Massif and the Paleozoic istanbul Unit in Thrace Area. Basement rocks are overlain by different stratigraphic units from Early – Middle Eocene to Miocene – Pliocene rock associations.The main and secondary aims of Durusu-1 were to test the hydrocarbon possibilities of the Middle-Late Oligocene aged deltaic Osmancık Sandstones and Late Oligocene-Early Miocene aged Danismen deltaic sandstones. The Osmancık Sandstones together with Ergene and Danismen Sandstones were encountered in Durusu-1 at the expected depths. No DST’s were performed. No core was taken in the well. Drilling was continued down to 2510 m and Durusu-1 exploration well was completed as a dry well on 27.08.2009. Structural and stratigraphic evaluations of 2D seismic data laid the ground for a consistent regional framework. Seismic attributes and sequence stratigraphy indicated that the main Osmancik reservoir interval is part of a large lowstand submarine fan system. Analogies with recent successes in West Africa were noted. The well results are thought to confirm the sedimentological model but unfortunately a source and migration combination were missing.
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