19th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey

Son zamanlarda, gaz hidrat ve hidrata bağlı sığ gaz araştırmalarının önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Karadeniz de, 100-120m derinliğinde anoksik bir ortam mevcuttur. Ayrıca gaz konsantrasyonu nedeni ile derin yapılardan sıvı göçü, çamur volkanı gelişimi ve deniz tabanına gaz sızıntıları bakımından oldukça yüksek potansiyele sahiptir. Karadeniz’in sahip olduğu kalın tortul örtüsü ve buna ek olarak Arap ve Avrupa kıtalarının Eosen zamanından bu yana çarpışması ile Karadeniz kıyı sınırlarında gelişen sıkışmalı deformasyon nedeni ile aşırı basınç etkisi altında kalan sıvıların faylar aracılığıyla yukarıya doğru göçüne neden olmaktadır. Doğu Karadeniz’deki deniz sismik çalışmaları, Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstitüsü (DBTE) Sismik Laboratuvarı (SEİSLAB) ve Pukyong Ulusal Üniversitesi›nin (PKNU) hem teknik hem de bilimsel dayanışmasıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğu Karadeniz’de belirtilen alanlarda sığ gaz ve gaz hidrat oluşumları, çeşitli hidrokarbon sızıntıları (pockmark, çamur volkanları, sızıntıya neden olan faylar) haritalanarak, tortulların hem fiziksel hem de akustik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma alanında kıtasal yamaç, apron ve abisal düzlük yer almaktadır. Aynı zamanda alanın doğusundaki sismik kesitlerde BSR, parlak nokta (bright spot) ve gaz kolonları gözlenmiştir. Sismik kesitlerde iki adet çamur volkanı belirlenmiş olup bunlar, İzmir ve Pusan olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sismik kesitlerde kıtasal yamaçta kayma çökelleri gözlenmiştir. Gözlenen akustik saydam bölgeler tortullardaki olası gazın varlığını işaret ederken bu maskelenmelerin etrafında gözlenen yüksek genlikli ve ters polariteli yansımların da bunu doğruladığı düşünülmektedir. Bu durum da alandaki gaz birikiminin varlığını desteklemektedir. Elde edilen sonuçların ışığında, gaz birikimleri; AVO analizlerinden elde edilen gradyentler ve grafiklerle yapılan çapraz-korelasyon sonucunda belirlenmiş ve bunun birinci sınıf AVO anomalisi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğu Karadeniz, Gaz Hidrat, BSR, Parlak Nokta, Fiziksel ve Akustik Özellikler, Çok Kanallı Sismik Yansıma, Sismik Özellik, AVO.

This paper deals with the application of lumped parameter models (1-tank, 2-tank open/closed, 3-tank open/closed) to the long-term observed pressure behavior of Hofsstadir geothermal field which is a typical low-temperature liquid dominated geothermal system, in West Iceland. Once the model parameters of the tank models are determined by history matching, then future performance predictions are made under given production/reinjection scenarios by using the Randomized Maximum Likelihood method.

TPAO tarafından, petrol ve doğalgaz üretim faaliyetleri sonucu oluşan atıksular olumsuz çevresel etkilerin önlenmesi amacı ile yeraltına enjeksiyon yöntemi ile bertaraf edilmekte olup, nihai deşarjın enjeksiyon kuyusuna yapılamadığı durumlar için (jeolojik formasyonun uygun olmaması, kapasitesinin yetmemesi, yeni kuyu bulunamaması vb.), üretim atıksuyunun uzaklaştırılması ve ilgili deşarj standartlarının sağlanması konusunda uygulamaya yönelik alternatifler oluşturmak amacı ile teknik çalışmalar yürütülmekte ve yeni projeler geliştirilmektedir. Bu kapsamdaki çalışmalardan biri 107G091 numaralı, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) ve TPAO Araştırma Merkezi ortaklığında yürütülen, “Petrol ve Doğalgaz Üretim Faaliyetleri Sonucu Oluşan Atıksuların Yönetimi” başlıklı projesidir. TPAO Genel Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı Trakya Bölge Müdürlüğü bünyesindeki üretim sahalarında oluşan petrol ve doğalgaz üretim atıksuları için en verimli ve ekonomik arıtma sisteminin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması amacı ile uygulamaya konulan projede, atıksu karakterizasyonu çalışmaları sonrasında, çeşitli arıtma metotları karşılaştırılarak, arıtma performansına bağlı olarak uygun nihai deşarj alternatifleri belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve Trakya Bölgesi’ne göre modeller oluşturulmuştur. Proje kapsamında üretimi yıl boyunca devam eden 10 adet petrol ve doğal gaz sahasından alınan atıksuların karakterizasyonu yapılmış ve Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği (SKKY)’nde adı geçen parametreler bir yıl boyunca takip edilmiştir. Çevresel açıdan büyük önem arz eden pH, iletkenlik, tuzluluk, toplam çözünmüş katı madde (TÇM), askıda katı madde (AKM), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ), yağ ve gres, fenol, toplam petrol hidrokarbonları (TPH), toplam Kjeldahl Azotu (TKN), ağır metaller, ana ve eser elementler aylık bazda düzenli olarak incelenmiştir. AKM, pH, sülfat, civa, kurşun, kadmiyum, çinko, bakır, krom ve demir parametreleri SKKY Standartlarına göre kabul edilebilir düzeyde iken arıtmanın gerekli olduğu parametreler amonyum azotu, KOİ, yağ ve gres, sülfür, sodyum, TPH olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada örnek teşkil edecek bir petrol, bir doğal gaz ve bir petrol+ doğal gaz sahası seçilmiş ve yıl boyunca elde edilen değerlerin ortalamaları Tablo 1’de gösterilmiştir. Atıksu karakterizasyonu ile birlikte laboratuvar ölçekli çalışmalarda sahalara göre atıksular ayrı ayrı ve karıştırılarak belirlenen proseslerden geçirilerekarıtılabilirlik çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Bu kapsamda membran proses (MBR), mikrofiltrasyon (MF), ultrafiltrasyon (UF) sistemleri ön arıtma prosesleri olarak, aktif karbon ve ters osmoz sistemleri ileri arıtma prosesleri olarak denenmiştir. Yapılan denemeler sonucunda, uygun arıtma yöntemine karar verilmiş ve ön arıtma, ön filtrasyon, ileri arıtma ünitesi ile yardımcı ekipmanlar ve tanklardan oluşan, scada sistemi ile kontrol edilen 5m3/gün debiye sahip pilot ölçekli sistem kurulumu gerçekleştirilmiştir (Şekil-1). Bu pilot tesis ile yaklaşık 1 yıl süresince yerinde arıtılabilirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır.

In this study, simulations of a possible oil spill events in the Gulf of İskenderun and the Eastern Mediterranean between Anatolia and Cyprus were performed in order to estimate the fate and behavior of spilled oil in marine environment and to assess impact of the spills. The simulations were carried out by SINTEF Marine Environmental Modeling Workbench (MEMW) or specifically its Oil Spill Contingency And Response modeling tool known as OSCAR[1].

TPAO, Turkiye’s sole national oil company, has undertaken lots of oil and natural gas exploration projects both onshore and offshore, as part of its mission to develop domestic and international resources and meet the continuously increasing demand for oil and gas in Turkiye. Increasing exploration and drilling activities have proved that HSE importance also increases for the sake of those increased activities. TPAO HSE policy emphasizes applying effective risk management by defining dangerous situations and acts regarding Occupational Safety and Environmental Protection. HSE supervisors need to deal with dangers, risks, and uncertainties in a well-organized way that is different than traditional way, so as to eliminate or mitigate the risks to the acceptable levels. TPAO risk studies include the periodic audits conducted for detection of risks, the root cause analyses made after every accident, determining hazards, and detecting unsafe ambience and actions. Risks need to be perceived by all employees who can be affected by their results. At that point, companies cannot reduce accidents or prevent their workers being exposed to job illnesses unless only preparing risk analysis but also make their employees perceive risks. In this study, the relationships between real accident risks and assumed ones were investigated over case studies under the scale of HSE risk perception efficiency for using AHP method by HSE specialists. As a result, Turkish Petroleum Cooperation HSE specialists’ risk perception efficiency was evaluated and analyzed, and some useful advices were suggested. Keywords: Oil and Gas, Risk, Perception, Efficiency, Accident, AHP.

Fossil fuels, both liquid and gaseous but also solids, will remain the major energy resources all over the world for the coming decades. Turkey has a peculiar position in this area as it imports most of its petroleum and natural gas needs, possessing only significant lignite reserves. Furthermore, Turkey not only imports most of the major parts of energy conversion technologies but also oil and natural gas wells drilling technologies. Energy related imports, both in terms of fuels and related technologies constitute the main cause of Turkey’s commercial budget deficit which is prone to continue to increase if no drastic changes happen. In such a situation the main routes for changes are not many. One route is obviously the reduction of energy consumption, but in a developing country with increasing population this route is of limited impact. The second route is import substitution using domestic resources and also domestic technology. Finally, another route is hybridization of fossil fuel based energy conversion technologies with those based on renewable energy resources, such as solar and biomass for Turkey. In this paper we shall mainly focus on these two last routes. It is obvious that both options are heavily based on innovation and therefore on R&D and additionally on university and industry partnership. The paper is structured in two parts. The first part presents some examples of recent developments taken from France which also lacks fossil fuel resources. The second part highlights some recent developments in Turkey and proposes additional suggestions to strengthen them.

Bu çalışmada boru hattı tasarım kriterlerine göre hazırlamış modeller ve metodoloji ile yapılması planlanan boru hattı projeleri ve hali hazırda işletmede bulunan boru hatları için tarife hesaplamaları yapılmış, bulunan neticeleri mevcut tarifelerle karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçları sunulmuştur.

Interforemetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been developed to estimate the temporal change on the surface of Earth by combining multiple SAR images acquired over the same area at different times. In the last two decades, in addition to conventional InSAR, numerous multiple acquisition InSAR techniques have been introduced, including persistent scatterer (PS) and small baseline subset (SBAS). In this project, we used the SBAS method to detect the surface deformation over a hydrocarbon reservoir in Adiyaman Providence, Turkey. The SBAS technique is performed on combinations of SAR images that are characterized by small orbital distances with large time intervals. By applying singular value decomposition (SVD), the temporal sampling rate is increased and those subsets are connected. We applied the SBAS method to five ALOS-PALSAR fine-beam dual (FBD) mode images, and removed the topographic phase by using a 3 arc-sec SRTM digital elevation model (DEM). Our analysis has revealed that due to the effective mitigation measures taken by the Turkish Petroleum Corporation, the maximum observed satellite line of sight (LOS) displacement velocity in the oil field is 5 mm/yr with a likely uncertainty of a similar magnitude in the period of 2007-2010. The high uncertainty estimate is due to the other spatially correlated signals of similar and larger magnitude seen in regions outside of the oil field.

Flaring is a process in which gaseous hydrocarbons are burned to prevent uncontrolled releases into the surrounding atmosphere and to relieve dangerous equipment overpressure conditions or any other operational upsets. The most recent data reported by the world bank’s global gas flaring reduction partnership (GGFR) indicate that 150×109 cubic meters (m3) [5.3×1012 cubic feet (ft3)] of natural gas are flared annually, and this quantity results in 400 million tons of carbon dioxide,CO2 emissions. This calls for encouraging the opportunities to eliminate continuous flaring of the associated and dissolved gases at production sites to improve the energy efficiency and contribute to the climate change mitigation and hence achieve the sustainable development in oil and gas industry. The paper introduces a field study at El-Gamil gas plant, a gas processing plant located at Portsaid city on the northern east coast of Egypt. The plant collects the gas and condensate production from offshore wells in the Mediterranean Sea to be processed at onshore in low temperature separation units ‘LTS’ and condensate treatment units to meet sales specs. In the 2nd quarter of 2004, a new project consists of 4 multi-stage compressors started to recover excess-off gas coming from the condensate treatment units and compresses it to the pressure of raw gas from wells to be processed prior to sale. This project is evaluated from technical, economical and environmental perspectives to provide a broad image for any waste gas recovery project. Meanwhile; improving the suitability in O & G sector and increasing available supplies.

The capillary-saturation function plays an important role in describing fluid distribution and modeling flow in reservoir simulation. In this study, saturation height functions have been developed as part of an integrated petrophysical analysis of an oil field. Bozova Field is an oil field located in the Southeast Turkey. From the discovery of the field in 1995 to date, the production is made from a Maastrichtien age bioclastic limestone facies called Reservoir Level with approximately 18 % porosity and 27-40 m thickness (Figure 1). In this relatively mature field, a simulation study is realized to predict the field’s response to a prospective water-flooding program. To prepare a representative data to be used in the simulation model, log derived water saturation calculations are revised by considering the produced water values and capillary pressure measurements coming from special core analyses. In this case study, model used to calculate water saturation from logs include the deterministic Archie Equation. This equation is appropriate knowing the reservoir consists of clean bioclastic limestone facies. However, the resistivity logs are unable to give a proper idea about water saturation distribution respect to depth because of the fact that, they have almost same range of readings along the reservoir section. Using Archie model with a fixed value for water resistivity (Rw) causes mismatch between simulation with real water production history. This problem has led us to reevaluate the logs with the observed salinity data from the wells. After applying this correction, saturation height models are developed from core capillary pressure (Pc) data to calculate water saturation vs. depth, which is independent of logs. First step of the procedure is to model capillary pressure measurements using different methods, namely, Brooks-Corey, Lambda, Thomeer and Leverett-J functions. After this stage, each of these models is used to estimate water saturation along all the wells. Eventually, the best fit between log derived saturations with the capillary derived saturations is achieved using the Leverett-J Function model (Figure 2). The results show that, the saturation height functions provided more accurate water saturation values in Bozova oil field and they have mostly overcome uncertainties associated with log interpretation by use of Archie model. Newly created water saturation logs are used in the water saturation distribution of the geological model to calculate oil-in-place volume (Figure 3). This distribution shows better agreement with the production data of the field and with the oil-in place calculation made in the simulation stage. Linking the core capillary pressure data with well log analyses has enhanced the water saturation estimations.