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EAGE International Conference on Petroleum Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Caspian and Black Sea Regions
- Conference date: 06 Oct 2008 - 08 Oct 2008
- Location: Baku, Azerbaijan
- ISBN: 978-90-73781-58-0
- Published: 06 October 2008
75 results
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Results and Perspective Directions of Prospecting and Exploration Operations Conducted Within Onshore and Offshore Territories of the Azerbaijan Republic at the Beginning of the XXI Century
By A. NarimanovOil and gas-bearing suites are determined in large stratigraphical range of geological structure of the onshore and offshore territory of the Azerbaijan Republic starting from Aalenian subdivision of the Middle Jurassic epoch to the Absheron subdivision of the upper Pliocene. Moreover, middle Pliocene is the basic oil and gas-bearing suite (productive layer) and it prevails according to specific gravity of potential resources and oil and gas-bearing prospectivity. 239 prospecting and exploratory operations have been conducted within the sea water area and onshore territories and 122 oil and gas-bearing areas have been discovered and circa 2 billion ton oil and gas condensate have been produced so far. Recoverable reserves of hydrocarbons with remaining industrial importance is 400 mm t; potential reserves – 300 mm t and resources recoverable from the faults prepared for deep exploration drilling with complex geophysical methods comprise 1700 mm t. They show that there are great opportunities for the prospecting and exploration of the oil and gas fields within the onshore and offshore territories of the republic.
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Oil and Gas Exploration in Western Black Sea – History, Results and Prospects
More LessBetter explored part for hydrocarbons in Black Sea until now is the Western – Northwestern zone. The studied portion of Western Black Sea covers the area westwards of line Istanbul –Odessa. This region comprises entirely the offshore zones of Bulgaria and Romania, the most south-western part of Ukrainian offshore and the most western portion of Turkish offshore. The real hydrocarbon exploration in Western Black Sea offshore has started from beginning of 1970s. Totally thirteen (13) oil and gas discoveries have been made until now. On the base of exploration geophysical and borehole results have been analyzed the deep geological structure, sedimentary basins hydrocarbon features, hydrocarbon systems and prospective trends.
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First Commercial Oil in the Ukrainian Part of the Black Sea
As a result of drilling of the parametric well no 403 on the Subbotin structure on the Kerch shelf of the Black Sea first commercial oil has been revealed in the Ukrainian sector of the sea. Four pay horizons have been discovered in the Maykop (Oligocene) sandstones within a depth range of 2385 - 2646 m.
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Prospects of the Oil-and-gas Presence on Black and Azov Seas Onshore According to Geoelectric Investigation Data
The results of the geological and geophysical and reconnaissance geoelectrical investigations in the perspective for the oil and gas areas in the Odessa, Kherson regions and Kerch peninsula are given. The express-technology of "direct" searching and prospecting for hydrocarbon deposits by geoelectric methods are used during this investigation. The technology includes the method of formation of short-pulsed electromagnetic field (FSPEF), flux-meter survey and method of vertical electric-resonance sounding (VERS). Integrated application of these methods allow to find and map the "deposit" type anomalies (DTA), and to define the total thickness and bedding depths of anomalous polarized layer (APL) of the "oil", "gas", "water" type. The analysis of available geologic-geophysical data, as well as the geoelectric studies results on the known deposit and perspective area of Black Sea onshore territory confirms repeatedly voiced suggestions about Azov and Black Sea region perspectives in plan of the finding and openings of large and average hydrocarbon reservoirs. It is reasonable to raise the intensity of prospecting geological-geophysical investigation for oil and gas in this region.
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Petroleum Systems Dynamics of the South Caspian Basin
Authors A. Javadova, G.W. Riley, N.R. Abdullayev, T.J. Green, H. Doran, G.W. Riley, N.R. Abdullayev, T.J. Green and H. DoranThe South Caspian Basin represents an extremely young petroleum system in which over 8 kilometres of sediment have been deposited in the past 6-10 million years with up to 3 kilometres in the last 1-2 million years. The high deposition rates have pushed the sedimentary section into significant disequilibrium with respect to temperature and pore pressure evolution. The basin dynamics are expressed in: (1) rapid, vertical and lateral pressure changes that challenge the capacity of seals to build and preserve petroleum columns and (2) in low temperature gradients which delay petroleum generation and reservoir diagenetic processes. Basin Modelling has proven to be the key technology in understanding the South Caspian Basin dynamics and quantifying their impact on petroleum generation, migration and seal capacity evolution, as well as in assessing prospect drillability and field development options.
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Hydrocarbon Potential of Oligocene-Miocene Sediments of the SE Greater Caucasus and Talysh – A Comparative Analysis
Authors A.A. Feyzullayev, S.V. Abbasova, M.F. Tagiyev, S.V. Abbasova and M.F. TagiyevThe presentation is devoted to comparative analysis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics and maturity of organic matter (OM) in Oligocene and Miocene rocks cropping out at SE termination of the Greater Caucasus and Talysh mountains, which bound the South Caspian Basin (SCB) on NW and SW, respectively. It was found that from north to south total organic carbon (TOC) and S1+S2 hydrocarbon yield of pyrolysis decrease and alteration from oil generative to predominantly gas generative properties takes place in OM. In the same direction increases OM maturity. The obtained results are consistent with the results of exploration carried out on the western flank of the SCB. An inference is made on the low prospects of oil presence in adjacent south part of Baku Archipelago.
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A Quick Way of Ranking Prospects in the South Caspian Basin, According to Their Hydrocarbon Charging Potential
Authors F. Chapelle, M. Sacleux, C. Cassaigneau, M. Sacleux and C. CassaigneauThe renewed exploration in the Azerbaijanese part of the South Caspian basin has resulted in only one commercial discovery out of the 14 structures that were drilled during the last 15 years. This presentation shows how a simple pseudo 3D Genex modelling demonstrates the sensitivity of the traps hydrocarbon charging to the relative timing of their formation (ie individual structure growth), and of the source rocks maturation and HC migration. Although this does not come as a surprise, the very rapid sedimentation rate and structural growth in the South Caspian Basin, make a critical requirement of a very accurate understanding of both their dynamics. The method has been applied on a basin scale for the two main source rocks: Maykop and Diatom, and the most prolific Pereryv/Fasila target; although it does not take into account all factors of success, it provides a ranking tool for the exploration risk associated with trap charging. Examples of application on a few structures are shown, which can explain respective exploration outcomes, both in terms of presence of Hydrocarbon, but also in terms of their gas versus oil nature.
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Geologic Setting, Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Potential, Absheron Peninsula, Hovsan Area,PS, KaS
Authors Y. Shikhaliev, H.Y. Gauzer, N.Y. Gauzer, R.K. Khayrulin, H.Y. Gauzer, N.Y. Gauzer and R.K. KhayrulinThe paper is focused on HC- charged KaS geologic setting and depositional environment within Hovsan area based on integrated seismic and log data. The study has been performed with applied proprietary REZAYR software package to process and interpret seismic lines and well data.
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Regional Geology of the Greater Caucasus - New Insight from Seismic Data
By K. SobornovOil industry seismic data acquired in the late 1980-1990s has contributed considerably to the understanding of the chronostratigraphy, depositional settings, structural architecture and evolution of this fold belt. The new subsurface data has shown diversity of structural styles in the Caucasus and documented much wider development of thrust faulting. A north-vergent foreland thrust belt has been identified in the Northeastern Caucasus. Pre-Alpine fold structures have also been imaged in the northern foreland. These data provide some further amendments to the geological model of the Greater Caucasus.
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The Subsidence Evolution of the South Caspian Basin
More LessThe basement surface of South Caspian Basin lies at a depth of 25-30km. The thickness of the crust beneath the western and central parts of the basin is as little as 8-10 km. Seismic and gravity data indicate that the basement subduction under the Eurasian plate in the Middle Caspian. The rapid subsidence phase is of compressional origin and subduction model provides comparable amplitudes of subsidence. Analysis of available geophysical data made it possible to conclude that onset subduction is the cause of rapid Pliocene-Quaternary subsidence of the crust.
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Tectonic Development of the Precaspian Basin
Authors A.M. Nikishin, K.O. Sobornov and K.O. SobornovWe can recognize the following stages of the Precaspian basin development: (1) Ordovician – rift phase; (2) Silurian to early Devonian – postrift subsidence; (3) Middle Devonian to Frasnian – main rift phase; (4) late Frasnian to Tournasian – postrift subsidence; (5) Carboniferous to Permian – postrift subsidence complicated by foreland basin origination for the Uralian and Scythian orogens; (6) Triassic – regional synrift subsidence; (7) late Triassic to Hettangian – synorogenic sedimentation and regional erosion; (8) Jurassic to Eocene - regional platformal sedimentation; (9) Oligocene to Quaternary – synorogenic sedimentation and erosion. Ordovician and Devonian rifting took place in a back-arc tectonic environments. Since the Late Devonian the basin was a deep-water trough. The Carboniferous to Permian history of the basin was a combination of postrift subsidence and foreland basin development. We discuss main possible reservoirs and hydrocarbon system of the Precaspian basin.
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Structural-geodynamic Map of the Black and Caspian Seas Region
Authors V.V. Yudin, A. Kitchka and V.V. YudinIt has been compiled a new structural-geodynamical map of the Black Sea-Caspian Seas region of 1:2500000 scale, paleotectonic sections along the Anatolia-Crimea-Donbas meridian, and maps of divergent stages of the tectonic evolution using palinspastic restorations. On the basis of principles and tectonic relationships of the actualistic geodynamics it has been described 6 main stages of the region evolution from Precambrian to Neogene one. Also It has been recognized and traced 9 collision sutures of various ages that control the spatial location of the paleo-oceanic subduction and the collision foredeeps and backdeeps, convergent magmatism and fold-overthrust structures governing the hydrocarbon traps. This new model allowed delineation of some new petroleum-prone zones and structures within the South of Ukraine.
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Global Positioning System Measurements of Crustal Deformation in Azerbaijan
Authors F.A. Kadirov, R.E. Reilinger, S.C. McClusky, A.H. Gadirov, R.E. Reilinger, S.C. McClusky and A.H. GadirovGPS observations in Azerbaijan and surrounding areas are providing quantitative constraints of the geometry of active fault systems, and rates of present-day deformation. West of 48° E longitude, the Main Caucasus Trust Fault (MCT) follows the sharp change in slope along the south side of the Greater Caucasus as is well known from prior geophysical and geologic studies. However, east of this longitude the MCT turns sharply to the south, crossing the Kura Depression and extending along the western side of the Caspian Sea (West Caspian Fault; WCF). While the MCT is predominantly a thrust fault west of 48°E longitude, the WCF is a pure right-lateral, strike slip fault with a slip rate of 11 ± 1 mm/yr south of the Absheron Peninsula. The rate of convergence on the MCT decreases from east to west from 10 ± 1 mm/yr at 48° E longitude to 4 ± 1 mm/yr. The present-day pattern of horizontal motions in aggregate suggests that the Lesser Caucasus and Kura Depression are rotating coherently in a counterclockwise sense about a pole located near the NE corner of the Black Sea, resulting in the observed W to E increase in the rate of convergence along the MCT.
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Geodynamic Processes Role at Diapiric Fold Formation of Absheron Oil and Gas Bearing Structures
Authors B.S. Aslanov, E.N. Khalilov and E.N. KhalilovArticle is devoted to a role of geodynamic transformations in formation and evolution diapiric folds of Absheron oil-and-gas-bearing region area. In particular, it is a question about Tyurkan block of structures Gala-Tyurkan-Govsan. Numerous materials about this structure on the basis of which among scientists and experts the certain opinion on a tectonic structure was formed are published. More than century on Gala block of this structure high-quality oil is extracted, and for today a perspective reserves isn't exhausted in this.
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Seismic Mapping, Stratigraphy and Subsidence in the South Caspian Basin, Azerbaijan
Authors T.J. Green, N.R. Abdullayev, J. Hossack, G.W. Riley, A.M. Roberts, T.J. Green, J. Hossack, G.W. Riley and A.M. RobertsThe South Caspian Basin is believed to contain more than 20 km of Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments deposited on oceanic or thinned continental crust. The Pliocene to Recent sequence has been mapped on a regionally extensive grid of 2D seismic data and penetrated by recently drilled exploration wells and is over 7 km thick. Most of this sequence (6 km) is formed of fluvial-lacustrine deltaic sediments of the Pliocene Productive Series that are deposited unconformably above a marine Miocene shale sequence and form the principal hydrocarbon reservoirs in the basin. The thickness of the Pliocene sedimentary sequence implies that relatively rapid, late Tertiary subsidence occurred in the South Caspian Basin. Modelling presented in this paper suggests that it is possible to account for the observed pattern of subsidence and sedimentation in the South Caspian Basin by a process of sediment loading and compaction on a thermally-subsiding, late Mesozoic crust. The Pliocene Productive Series is interpreted to have been deposited in a topographic depression, isolated from the global oceanic system, in which base-level was controlled by local factors rather than by global sea-level.
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Principal Stages and Specific Features of Geotectonics in the Northern Part of the Middle Caspian
Authors S.V. Delia, I.N. Kerusov, S.S. Kosova, S. Shilkin, S.V. Delia, I.N. Kerusov and S.S. KosovaAs concerns the tectonic structure of the north of the Middle Caspian there are still some debatable issues related to a complex structure of the territory near the interface of different-age large elements of the Earth’s crust – Russian and Scythian plates. The geotectonics of this water area was analyzed on the basis of structural maps prepared by PetroAlliance Services Company for LUKOIL oil company. At the first stage that began in 1996 the investigations were based on the results of 2D seismic surveys as well as previous integrating works. From 2002 the 3D surveys had been carried out in the region. Therefore, the results of 2D and 3D seismic surveys enabled for the first time in the Middle Caspian area to identify the constituent elements of the basement, to reconstruct the history of development of large Rakushechno - Shirotnay ridge and their elements. The 3D data helped to justify a complex system of strike-slip faults in the sedimentary mantle, their nature, origin, formation stages and their controlling effect during formation of multi-layer deposits.
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Caspian Block Structure - Origin and History of Geological Development
Authors K. Taskinbayev, O. Obryadchikov and O. Obryadchikov1.The Near Caspian hollow is developed as the uncompensated depression by deposits on Paleozoic top. Here there were large atoll like carbon bearing solid mass in height almost 1,5 km. Absence at their tops the top Paleozic adjourements are explained none sediment of deposits in connection with immersing of territory in the middle Bashkir, in low level of shallow carbon bearing sedimentation. 2. At the end of Sakmarian century right-hand displacement of Scythian-Turan plate in the western has blocked connection of Near-Caspian with Paleo-ocean Tethys, that in Kungurian century has led to accumulation of powerful salts. Therefore Average and Northern Caspian sea are as a part of Scythian-Turan plate. 3. In the end of Paleozoic Scythian-Turan plate has broken up and its Turan part on sinistral shift was displaced in a southeast. At this time there emerged a Caspian plate. 4. Orogen Caucasus has emerged lodged between plates - Caspian and Black Sea. The specified geodynamic events in the Caspian region were reflected in its oil and gas content features.
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Geological Structure, Geodynamic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Potential of NE Black Sea Region
Authors V. Verzhbitsky, E. Frantzen, L. Lobkovsky, E. Frantzen and L. LobkovskyHere we present the synthesis of available geological and geophysical data in order to discuss the present-day structure, geological history and hydrocarbon potential of northeastern Black Sea region, including Shatsky Ridge, Tuapse Basin, Western and Eastern Black Sea basins. Regional geology and Mesozoic - Cenozoic geodynamic evolution are considered.
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Deep Structure and Geodynamics of the South Caspian Basin
By M.V. RodkinThe geological and geophysical data available on the structure of the South Caspian Basin suggest that the upper mantle of this region includes a thick low velocity presumably fluid-saturated layer descending from the Apsheron Threshold under the Alborz Ridge. This zone may correspond to the upper sedimentary layer of the subduction zone connected with subduction of the South Caspian basin beneath the Alborz Ridge. The fluid-saturated layer appears to be the main source of deep aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids connected with the formation of marine seeps, mud volcanoes, and oil-gas reservoirs numerous in this region. The active discharge of the deep fluids in connection with the strong dependence of intensity of the deep fluid flows from the permeability of the corresponding deep fault zones can explain such phenomena as a power-law distribution of the gas and oil field stocks in different deposits and a process of recent refilling of oil and gas reservoirs.
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Identification of Multiple Onshore and Offshore Petroleum Systems in the Central Caspian Region
Authors G.W. van Graas, M.A. Abrams and M.A. AbramsDetailed geochemical analysis of oils, condensates and source rocks from the Central Caspian area allows for the identification of multiple petroleum systems, some of which extend from the onshore Dagestan to onshore Mangyshlak. Most of the petroleum systems are of Mesozoic age, but they are flanked by a Tertiary PS to the south and a Paleozoic PS to the north.
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Geochemistry of Maikopan Strata for the Reconstruction of Sedimentology Process on the South Caspian Basin
Authors M. Efendiyeva, S. Hudson, K. Vahabov, S. Hudson and K. VahabovNon-traditional geochemical methods, such as trace metal and stable isotope analysis, are complementary to organic geochemical characterization of this source rock interval, giving a more detailed insight into depositional conditions affecting preservation of organic material. Redox sen-sitive trace metals, 13Corg, %S, and field GR all generally show positive correlation to TOC, while 15N shows a good inverse correlation. Bottom water conditions were suboxic to anoxic throughout the majority of Maikopian deposition, with the basin becoming less anoxic through time according to trace metal abundances. Carbon isotopic ratios suggest that terrestrial input was greatest during the Chattian, and this is further verified by HI values. caused some level of basin isola-tion which was magnified at times of low global sea-level, allowing preservation of organic carbon and redox sensitive trace metals throughout much of this time period. Overall, the data suggest that total isolation of the South Caspian Basin from the Tethys Ocean did not occur until after deposition of Maikopian strata, possibly in the Middle to Late Miocene.
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On the Spontaneous Renewal of Oil and Gas Fields
Authors V.I. Sozansky, J.F. Kenney and J.F. KenneyOil and gas fields are dynamic systems undergoing constant depletion by diffusion, effusion, and chemical decomposition, and renewal by constant influx of new volumes of hydrocarbons. Many oil and gas fields are effectively inexhaustible, they are recharging, but at rates of recharging typically much smaller than the rate of oil and gas withdrawal by production.
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Some Aspects of Formation of Oil Fields in the Productive Series, the South Caspian Basin
Authors A.A. Feyzullayev, M.F. Tagiyev and M.F. TagiyevThere exist two opposite viewpoints regarding formation of hydrocarbon (HC) accumulations in the Lower Pliocene Productive Series (PS) in the South Caspian Basin (SCB). The first states that HCs are syngenetic to this stratigraphic unit, by the second they are of epigenetic origin. This presentation is concerned with results of study of the nature of HCs in the PS based on the modern isotopic-geochemical data and recent theoretical and experimental developments. Quantitative and qualitative parameters of organic matter (OM), geochemical and temperature conditions of its conversion, maturity estimates for oil and gas and revealed vertical zonality of their formation are shown to be against counting the PS as source strata for oil. Formation of HC accumulations in the PS has been associated with Oligocene and Miocene source deposits, contribution of which was subject to variation both in space and time. In this connection subvertical migration played a dominant role, having pulsed (injection) character.
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Degassing of the Northern Black Sea – Gas Seepage and Mud Volcanism
The paper presents the comprehensive review of geological-geophysical studies of gas venting features on the NW shelf and upper continental slope, in the Sorokin trough and on the Kerch-Taman offshore, evidence for the gas emission origin of carbonate associations related to gas emission, characteristics of mud volcanoes.
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Origin of Isotopically Heavy Bicarbonates in Waters of Mud Volcanoes, Azerbaijan
More LessWaters of mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan have been characterized chemically and isotopically. Anomalously heavy stable carbon isotope compositions in bicarbonate component (up to +19.8‰) are interpreted to have a secondary biogenic history. Correlation between CO2 of gases and water bicarbonate support that 13C-enrichment of the HCO3 ions is attributed to anaerobic degradation occur at shallower depths. High content of HCO3 component along with the presence of low-rate mineralized alkaline waters explained that formation occur in open hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater of mud volcanoes most probably interacts with hydrocarbon phases by processes such as gas dissolution, oil “water washing” bringing microorganisms caused intensive bacterial oxidation processes. Microbial degradation processes are more typical for highly fractured geological regions with high water permeability and presence of shallower oil-and-gas fields (in particular, Shamakha-Gobustan oil-and-gas bearing area).
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Comparative Organic Geochemical Characterization of Paleogene-Neogene Sediments in the South Caspian Basin
By M.F. TagiyevIn the South Caspian basin source rock studies based on Rock-Eval pyrolysis were carried out using three different types of rock material: cores from wells, outcrop samples and mud volcanic ejectas. Three stratigraphic intervals were considered: Oligocene-Lower Miocene Maykop Series, Middle-Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene Productive Series. For Oligocene-Lower Miocene interval most numerous are outcrop analyses, with their geochemical characteristic being altered by weathering. For two other intervals the bulk of samples is core material. Core samples and ejectas are shown to be less effected by hypergene factors. Estimates of sediments organic content and their hydrocarbon generative potential depends upon sample size and display appreciable variation between wells, outcrops and mud volcanoes. In the Lower Pliocene samples epigenetic hydrocarbons have been found to make up significant proportion of total organic content of sediments, thus pointing to subvertical migration from depths of oil generation.
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Mixing and Diffusion of Biogenic Gas in the South Caspian Basin
More LessUsing the projections and suggested "pure" biogenic isotope value estimates of biogenic gas contributions were made for all samples which lacked a clear indication of microbial alteration.
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A New AMS 14C-dated Holocene Caspian Sea-level Curve
New data on Holocene Caspian sea level change are presented from the Volga delta in Russia, the Kura in Azerbaijan and the Turali barrier coast in Dagestan. The oldest AMS 14C data from several drillings in the Volga delta suggest a lowstand around 8000 BP, in harmony with earlier data obtained by conventional methods. Volga delta data suggest a continuously rising sea level between 5000 and 3000 BP until a highstand is reached at -25 m around 2600 BP, as documented in the Dagestan barrier coast corresponding with the well-known cool and humid period at the start of the Subatlanticum. The historically well-known mediaeval Derbent regression down to -34 m, and possibly even -45 m, is recorded in the deeper parts of the offshore Kura delta in Azerbaijan, coinciding with the Warm Mediaeval Period, and a second highstand in the Little Ice Age is documented in the outermost barrier in Dagestan. Our data corroborate a correlation of Caspian Sea Level with changes in solar activity.
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Regional Controls on Lacustrine Sandstone Reservoirs – The Pliocene of the South Caspian Basin
Authors N. Abdullayev, G. Riley, A. Bowman, G. Riley and A. BowmanThe Pliocene Productive Series (PS) of the South Caspian Basin (SCB) records a major lowstand relative to pre-existing Miocene and subsequent Pleistocene and Holocene shelf margins. The PS records greater than 2 million years of relatively continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments in the Caspian.
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Results of a Palynological Study of Shallow Boreholes from the Holocene of the Volga Delta, Russia
Authors K. Richards, N. Bolikhovskaya and N. BolikhovskayaThis study describes the results of palynological analysis from shallow cores collected from the Volga Delta. The sediments studied are of Holocene to Late Pleistocene age. The results can be compared to the Pliocene "paleo"-Volga, the Productive Series of Azerbaijan. Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene deposits consist of reddish-brown clays. Channel deposits contain frequent Mesozoic reworking. The pollen and spores give an indication of vegetation change on land, particularly in relation to climate. Caspian dinocysts are restricted to low salinity waters, (within the range of 5 to 12 ‰). Salix (willow)pollen gives a proxy of channel migration over time. Tilia (lime) pollen is locally frequent and represents a climatic optimum. Aquatic pollen indicates the relative extent of reedbeds and open water habitats. The first phase of delta deposition occurred after c.7000 BP and is marked by a “flood” of brackish dinocysts, overlain by an interval with increased freshwater components. The second occurs after c.3000 BP and consists of several transgressive episodes, coinciding with increased Pinus (pine) pollen from the hinterland, and also by increased Mesozoic reworking. This suggests that the outflow of freshwater from the Volga River contributes to Caspian Sea level rise.
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Late Eocene - Early Oligocene Litho-biostratigraphy of the Caspian and Black Sea Regions
Authors S.A. Shikhlinsky, Z. Bati and Z. BatiUpper Cretaceous and Lower Oligocene deposits around the Caspian and Black Sea regions contain hydrocarbon resources. Therefore, the study of the litho-biostratigraphy of the marine and terrestrial terrigenous to carbonaceous Eocene-Oligocene deposits of the area has a great interest. These deposits contain abundant fossil organic remains of various provenance and climate zones which allows to understand the evolution of faunal and floral assemblages of Upper Eocene-Oligocene on the background of global climate and environmental changes. Most widespread faunal and floral taxa belong to planktic and benthic foraminifera, nannoplankton, ostracoda, fish as well as palynomorph (spore, pollen and dinoflagellate) associations. Whereas radiolaria are encountered rarely and chara are met recurrently. Among these planktic and benthic foraminifera, ostracoda and palynomorph associations are very crucial for delineation and correlation of Upper Eocene deposits in which planktic foraminifera and dinoflagellate zones were defined properly. Overlying Oligocene deposits is known as Maykop Suite where there is poor benthic foraminiferal association, very rare plankton species and lack of some species was coursed by hostile paleo-environment. Vertical distribution of benthic foraminifera made it possible to define only local foraminiferal biozones. As far as the palynological data is considered, Lower Oligocene deposits are characterized by abundant and diverse dinoflagellate taxa. Whereas, Upper Oligocene deposits are is rich in terrestrial palynomorphs.
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Environmental Control on Source Rocks and Reservoirs Accumulation in the Jurassic Series of the MCB South-western Flank
Complex geological-geophysical investigations in onshore and offshore parts of the Middle Caspian basin allow to reconstruct depositional setting of Jurassic complex as well as evaluate its HC generation potential and reservoir properties, which are strongly dependant on depositional environment.
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Multi-component Analysis of Radio Wave Background of the Earth Reveals Hydrocarbon Accumulations in the Black Sea Basin
Authors Yu.A. Bogdanov, I.B. Burkinsky, V.P. Kobolev, O.M. Rusakov, I.B. Burkinsky, V.P. Kobolev and O.M. RusakovA source for hydrocarbon generation includes different phase changes whose effects result in radiating natural electromagnetic impulses of wide range frequencies (Sokolov, 1996; Bogdanov et al., 2001; Ablya et al., 2006). In contrast to a convenient technique, the multi-compositional analysis of radio wave background of the Earth (MARBE), for the first time, deals with signals from non-linear processes of this radiating which are registered with the innovative equipment “TEZEY” (Alyoshin and Bogdanov, 2004). A mathematical processing incorporates wavelet transformation, wavelet image of an electromagnetic signal, singular spectral analysis and pattern recognition method. The MARBE method has been successfully tested during searching for oil - and gas - bearing features at sea and land in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Peru in 1993-2007. Its efficiency is for once illustrated by a case study of hydrocarbon accumulations on the NW shelf of the Black Sea.
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Estimation the Influence of the Strength State of the Real Medium on the Elastic Parameters of the Sedimentary Rocks
Authors K.B. Aghaev, H.H. Guliyev and H.H. GuliyevAccording to the materials of the field geophysical surveys there are given the results of evaluation, the influence of the variation of the strength state of the real medium on the values of the elastic parameters of the rocks within the limits of nonclassic linearized theory of deformations.
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An Integral Geological and Geophysical Modeling Gives an Impetus to Expand Exploration Activity Offshore Ukraine
Authors O.P. Petrovskyy, N.S. Ganzhenko, T.O. Fedchenko, B.B. Gablevskyy, G.O. Zhuchenko, V.V. Gladun, P.M. Chepil, P.M. Melnichuk, O.A. Kitchka, O.G. Tsiokha, S.V. Koltsov, N.S. Ganzhenko, T.O. Fedchenko, B.B. Gablevskyy, G.O. Zhuchenko, V.V. Gladun, P.M. Chepil, P.M. Melnichuk, O.A. Kitchka, O.G. Tsiokha and S.V. KoltsovThis approach of integral geological and geophysical modeling has been applied to study exploration zones and local prospects in the western (Carpathians) and eastern (Dnieper-Donets basin) petroleum-prone provinces. As known oil-and-gas prospective areas are not confined only to onshore Ukraine and spread out to shelfal and deepwater parts of the Black Sea mega-basin where several gas and gas condensate fields are found to this date. Recently this list was successfully updated with proving of commercial oil productivity for Subbotin field.
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How to Launch a Seismic 3D Land-marine Transition Survey - An Example from the Nile Delta, Egypt
By F. SteinhoffSeismic imaging is a key to understand the geological structure of the earth. Transition zone seismic is always a difficult task, since data quality is not easy to keep up with. This talk deals with the difficulties of planning and execution of a 3D transition survey with two unequal contractors in a dense populated area and heavily used fishing grounds to peak out seismic quality and enable for a new geological concept of the reservoir. It can be shown that careful planning and execution of a 3D transition survey will eliminate many of the pitfalls during interpretation and analysis of the seismic properties such as AVA analysis and inversion.
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On the Use of Geothermal Data to Study Paleoclimate in Azerbaijan
More LessThe geothermal data used for this study consist of high quality borehole temperature-depth profiles at Kura depression in Azerbaijan. Three boreholes located near Sheki (Gamigaya 14), Mingecevir (Garaja 16) and Dalimammadli (Dalimammadli 201) were logged in 1979 /1980. Borehole temperatures were measured more than one year after drilling by thermistor probes of 0.001 degree Celsius sensitivity that were calibrated against a high accuracy (0.01 degree) mercury thermometer. The general calibration curve fitted to the data suggests the temperature accuracy of 0.03 degree. The time constant for the probe is 1 min in water. Measurements were done by lowering the probe slowly to the desired depth and registering temperature after 2-5 minute waiting time. The principal meteorological data used to infer climate change on land are mean annual surface air temperatures (SAT). These measurements are taken approximately 1.5 m above the ground surface. A ground surface temperature history is selected that best explains the observed subsurface perturbation. Alternatively, the surface temperature history can be inferred directly by borehole temperature data inversion. Inversions of temperature data for Garaja-16 and Gamigaya 14 boreholes show the climate warming on 1-2 degree in the past two centuries.
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Application of Methods PNNL and NML for Learning Benches-reservoirs in Oil and Gas Fields of Azerbaijan
Authors A. Ibadov, T.D. Hasanov, D.M. Sadigov, A.K. Alasgarov, F.I. Ibadov, A. Ibadov, T.D. Hasanov, D.M. Sadigov and F.I. IbadovPulsed neutron method of investigations in section of cased wells and a method of nuclear magnetic logging on a method of a free precession in the open trunk of wells are perspective methods at problem solving emanating benches of oil and gas, qualitative and their quantitative determination of reservoir properties. For last years with wide application of the new method of application of PNNL on various fields of Azerbaijan have been investigated more than 100 wells at mineralizing local waters from 10 up to 70 g/l and porosity of benches 10-25 % with performance up to 85 %.Studies of NML with application of device designed in Geophysics ETI and stations KEDR are held to last years on a line of Apsheron fields and adjoining water area.Joint interpretation of NML data and complex GRW allows to partition potentially productive and barren benches, to determine FFİ/Кpor as a measure of fluid potentially recovered from a bench and also permeability of bench Kper under approved formula Coates. Results of NML and other methods GRW are entered into a computer database in which one they are exposed to statistical treating and analysis.
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Major Trends of Environmental Policy of SOCAR
Authors A. Salmanov, F.A. Jafarov and F.A. JafarovAzerbaijan’s oil industry has more than a century of development history.It is commonly known that while production, collection and transportation of oil, the surrounding environment are penetrated by the stratal water (as well as oil), bypass gas and by most chemical agents which are used while drilling and intensification of hydrocarbons recovery.
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Practical Capabilities of Nuclear Physics Spectrometry for Solving Problems in Exploration and Production Geophysics
The most widely used problem solved by NPM is complex reservoir rocks’ current saturation evaluation with separate evaluation of oil, gas, gas condensate and different salinity waters in the fluid. Nowadays this problem is solved on a large scale (dozens of fields) in the real production mode with a satisfactory reliability. For example, more than 2000 wells were studied only in Samotlor field from 2000. NPM are conducted in practically each well in the course of planned repair. Our experience in NPM application (since 1997) demonstrated its high information value on geologic structures in Russian and other former Soviet Union hydrocarbon fields, in various (often very complicated) geologic and technical conditions. The capabilities of the set of methods substantially strengthen well logging positions and spread the range of the produc-tion and exploration geophysics problems solved. These capabilities are provided with corre-sponding methodology and practically tested in the course of solving the problems listed be-low.
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About the Specification of Hydrocarbon Reserves Design conditions
Authors R.R. Jafarov, S.M. Huseynova and S.M. HuseynovaRecommendations on improvement of collectors and non-collectors borders determination method on estimation peans will certainly help to increase the safety while definition of oil-gas bearing area and pay layers efficient thickness.
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Fluid Variations and Their Controls Along the ACG Complex - Impacts on Development and Production
The fluids along the supergiant ACG complex show significant variations which can be attributed to the effects of intra reservoir processes. In particular evidence of biodegration has been observed within the shallower reservoirs of the Balakhany. This has been measured in elevated Pristane to Phytane ratios, declined wax content and elevated total acid number. Some of the Pererviv and deeper reservoirs appear to have also suffered from biodegradation but have been subsequently charged to mask the effect. The deepest reservoirs are unaffected by biodegradation and have high wax contents and low acid values. Understanding the variations in wax and acid number is critical for the effective production and transportation of these fluids. BP have embarked in an extensive geochemical study in order to monitor the physical changes in the fluid across the structures, and the processes responsible for these changes. This study has been targeted to maximize production and effective transportation of the fluid across the BTC pipeline.
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Temperature Condition of the South Caspian Basin Fields and Its Variations
The definition of temperature condition in dynamic because oil mobility is formed as affected viscosity changes during development. In order to illustration of how to big the anthropogenic temperature changes of South Caspian Basin fields (SCB) it were detailed analyzed the 46 SCB fields. It was defined that temperature changes by field and with depth is displayed very difficult. It is considerably difference not only for regional but for special structures: even for same section fixed temperatures are local fluctuations without any rules. It was constructed maps of temperature changes for SCB fields for each section. For different structures is different kind of temperature changes: for ones – smoothly and monotone, for other ones is very rapidly. It was defined that there is no dependence between reserves density and its geothermal features for SCB fields. Presented analyses were shown that cold water injection affected to field temperature with different way. So, is for high thermal conditions fields this kind of injection is not quite affected to field temperature conditions. There is a good reason to think that decreasing of reservoir temperature could be seriously complicate the development process even using enhanced oil recovery methods on the field.
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Beyond the Pereriv - Integrated Reservoir Characterisation of Balakhany Reservoirs in the ACG Field, South Caspian Basin
Oil production from the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) Field will reach 1 million bopd upon completion of ACG Phase 3, with the majority of production coming from the high net-to-gross Pereriv B and D reservoirs. Significant hydrocarbon resources remain in the lower net-to-gross and stratigraphically more complex Balakhany Reservoirs which overlie the Pereriv. Developing these resources requires a much more detailed understanding of the reservoir geology than has previously existed. An integrated approach to reservoir characterisation has led to new high resolution stratigraphic models being developed and used as the basis for 3D geological modelling and subsequent reservoir simulation modelling.
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Some Issues of Additional Exploration and Development of Oil and Gas-condensate Reservoirs at Guneshli Field
Authors R. Jafarov, A. Narimanov, A. Kasimov, R. Jafarov and A. NarimanovStratigraphic interval from Middle Pliocene to Quaternary, with thickness 4300 m, was drilled and studied in detail. Key oil-bearing horizon Productive Series (PS), with thickness 2800-3000 m was drilled in wells NN 1, 3, 5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 28. In terms of lithology this section is represented by rhythmic alternation of argillaceous and sandy-aleurite rocks. In terms of tectonics, it is brachyanticline (structural) reservoir of sublatitudinal strike, with longitudinal and transverse faults with the amplitude 20-350 m. Commercial oil accumulation was discovered here for the first time on the north-western pericline of the field (1979, well N 4, X horizon). Later, testing of prospecting-exploration wells demonstrated that the reservoir was multilayer: gas-condensate pools (V, VI horizons), oil pools (VIII, IX, X horizons, Pereriv Suite) were identified in the upper division of PS, oil-gas-condensate pools (NKP, PK) in the lower division of PS.
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Dynamic and Statistical Models of the Reserves Estimation
Authors B. Bagirov, A.M. Salmanov, S.A. Nazarova, A.M. Salmanov and S.A. NazarovaDevelopment of oil-gas field reserves is the continuous process including on various exploration and development stages. Thus, each stage is characterized by a various field investigations, so that is defined the method of calculation and is mirrored on reliability of it estimation. The essential mismatch between listed STOIP and actual reserves volumes was revealed in result of comparative analysis of number of exploitation objects during development. So if for some exploitation objects in accordance to official documentation its reserves is completed, but production is continued even, in other cases realization possibilities of some exploitation objects are quite doubtful. Traditional volumetric or other methods of reserves calculation give a point estimated average reserves in the form of one number which does not contain the information about its distribution by whole reservoir volume. Obviously, in such situation it is experienced to estimate reservoir characteristics and geological reserves with application of the new probable-statistical methods and represented not only its absolute volume, but also its probabilistic variations. This is exclusively important for estimation of economical risk of field development. In accordance to above mentioned re-estimation of recoverable reserves is very important issue for long term developed fields.
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Puls Methods of the Bottom-hole Formation Zone Treatment for the Purpose of the Stimulation
Authors A.A. Merkulov, A.F. Gimaev, D.V. Vasilevski, A.F. Gimaev and D.V. VasilevskiPuls methods of the bottom-hole formation zone treatment for the purpose of the stimulation This technology is safe for environment. Combustion-oxidizing compositions don`t ignite and don`t explode at normal conditions. It`s possible to get the wide range of pressure values. Combustion-oxidizing compositions include water, water-soluble oxidant and water-soluble combustible composition.
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Extension of Effective Field Development Period by Means of Repeated Bringing into Development of Underlying Production
Authors T.V. Khismetov, E.M. Vinogradov, A.V. Tarasov, E.M. Vinogradov and A.V. TarasovEfficiency of comprehensive approach to organization and implementation of GTM may be estimated by changing of technological parameters of wells operation. Due to the high technological success of insulation of gas and water flow breaks from overlying beds during transfer to underlying strata (25 well-operations), over 240 thousands tons of oil were produced additionally in Saratov, Orenburg regions and Western Siberia in 2006-2007. Success of insulating works on top intervals of stratum with subsequent transfer to underlying facility depends to a large extent on the following factors: • Insulation intervals and perforation determination accuracy by means of NPM research results; • Selection of squeeze cementing technology; • Selection of backfill composition formula and amount of cement; • Selection of well-killing fluid; • Quality of perforating works.
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Promising Hydrocarbon Prospects in the Paleogene Formations of the Black Sea Northwestern Shelf, Ukraine
Authors I.V. Nedosekova, I.V. Karpenko, G.S. Starchenko, I.V. Karpenko and G.S. StarchenkoBy this day the portfolio of promising anticlines and faulted anticlines upon Paleogene level within the Karkinit sub-basin is practically exhausted. Nowadays, the most promising exploration trend for Paleogene sequence in the central part of the Karkinit sub-basin is swell-like uplifts complicated with structural noses and flexures. These structural forms are characterized by inherited development and control distribution of reservoirs and traps of lithological, stratigraphic, and structural-tectonic type of sealing.
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Atmogeochemical Aspect of Integrated Geological Research in Forecasting of Carbon Resources in Azov-Black Sea Region
Authors P.F. Gozhik, I.D. Bagriy, T.O. Znamenska, N.V. Maslun, S.D. Aks'om, I.D. Bagriy, T.O. Znamenska, N.V. Maslun and S.D. Aks'omDeveloping the ideas of predicting the mineral concentrations by means of unconventional methods, in this paper a set of integrated structural thermo-atmo-geochemical methods is suggested for the search of hydrocarbon deposits and the channels of degassing of mine fields. These integrated methods have been tested at a number of oil and gas deposits and applied for defining the potential zones in problem zones and channels of near-surface degassing of minefields. There was specified the geological section of Paleogene-Neogene sedimentary rocks revealed at Subbotin-403 at the Trans-Black Sea Shelf in the Black Sea. There was also proved the necessity of conducting the complex geological-geophysical research using cost-effective near-surface structural thermo-atmo-geochemical method.
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Fluid Flow and Sealing Properties Associated with an Active Faults – Kura Basin, Azerbaijan
More LessWith the advent of stereoscopic data such as as Landsat and SPOT imagery, these methods have been applied to satellite data and used to successfully obtain quantitative measurements over large areas. On this connection, these methods have assisted considerably in fault analysis considerations and detection hydrocarbon seeps in surface of the Kura basin which are considered main oil and gas bearing region in onshore Azerbaijan. The satellite imagery interpretation drew upon knowledge of structural geology and geomorphology and detected hydrocarbon seeps related to fault and mud volcano geomorphology. The main objectives are to determine the role of faults and mud volcanoes within the geologic structure of the study regions and to guide future oil exploration. Remote sensing to detect hydrocarbon seepage onshore allowed recognition of marginal and sub-marginal low-relief structural prospects and stratigraphic traps that is overlooked by reflection seismic surveys. Remote sensing data and images were integrated in hydrocarbon exploration programs with other exploration data such as seismic surveys, well logs, gravity surveys, and other geologic-geophysical investigations. Analysis of satellite data allowed to determine the geometry of the fault system and around them distributions of hydrocarbon seeps and to predict hydrocarbon potential of the Kura basin.
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Ecological Advantage of Solar Thermal and Wind Energy Application in Crude Oil Treatment Process in Oil Fields
By F. MammadovApplication of solar thermal and wind energy in crude oil treatment process was realized for solution of ecological problems, economizing fossil fuels and decreasing the accessory financial expensesin oil fields.
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Fluid Outflow from the Reservoir through Vents
By V.A. ZotovInvestigation of laws of fluid outflow from the reservoir through vents is a part of applied hydrodynamics studies, which is widely used in oil-field mechanics and ecology. Found dependences allow to control hydrodynamic processes of fluid outflow from the reservoir effectively and to project technologic elements of constructions with given properties.
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Researches in the Field Purification of Oilcontaining Industrial Waste Waters
Authors F. Mamedova, K.F. Mossallam, N. Salimova, F. Sultanova, K.F. Mossallam, N. Salimova and F. SultanovaThe purpose of present researches was study of possibility application of ferments – Vegetable base for purification of industrial waste waters, containing phenols, aromatic compounds mineral admixtures and hydrocarbons of oil fractions. With this purpose, in laboratory conditions the researches by extraction of ferment (protein compound) from vegetation. Have been conducted. As a vegetation it was been declared sensible use of wide spread gourd of horse-radish with following extraction from it of ferment – peroxydaze. Further the dry substance (horse-radish) has been crushed on small parts, has with been diluted by water and has been mixed during 3 hours until getting suspension. Then by centrifuging the ferment-peroxydaze of horse-radish has been separated. Since duration of ferment activity makes no more than 30 days, its activity has been examined by photocalorimeter daily and depending on the dose has been established in conducted researches. Obtained ferment – peroxydaze of horse – radish has been used for removal the aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous part of oil-slime, selected from Binagadi field. The obtained results testify, that a waste water from oil-slime after biochemical working with remove of aromatic hydrocarbons may be use in technical water supply.
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Power Intensity of Technological Equipment as a Factor of Development Deposits
By R.H. HasanovThe perspectiveness of drilling works on the shelf of Caspian Sea is shown. Possibility of lessening of power intensity of technological equipment is considered. The investigation are carried out and new model for estimation power intensity as index of production effectiveness of drilling works.
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Oil & Gas Production Main Technological Data Forecast
Authors T.Sh. Salavatov, A.A. Suleymanov, E.A. Panakhov, A.A. Suleymanov and E.A. PanakhovDeterministic models are the most widely used ones in modeling oil and gas production processes. However, their use can be limited due to their complexity and loss of integrity. Thus, management of oil fields development processes based on deterministic models is complicated and can lead to mismatched decisions. Use of dynamic models is suggested for representation of oil production processes. The approach has been illustrated and justified on an example of main technological indices of Forties field development. The results reflect that suggested approach represents oil production process accurately and reliably and thus, allows forecast main technological indices of oil production, considering transient processes in oil formation.
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About Method of Estimation of Initial Recoverable Oil Reserves
More LessFor onshore and offshore oil fields of Azerbaijan being at further stages of development the most satisfied results were determined by the method based on practice of determination design factors of some oil a gas deposits further development and determination of residual recoverable oil reserves of number of objects of Absheron peninsula Productive strata and offshore fields operated under depletion drive and water head rejime. Carrying out of these investigations has definite practical meaning for estimation of residual recoverable oil reserves, ORF closer definition and design of new oil deposits development.
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Water Saturation in Shaly Sands Calculations Using Dual Water (DW), Modified Simandoyx (SWMS) and Archie of Alyat – Deni
Authors T.M. Javadzadeh, V.V. Javadzadeh, A.G. Abuzarova, V.V. Javadzadeh and A.G. AbuzarovaCalculation of residual water saturation in VII horizon of Alyat - deniz field is carried out by Dual Water Model and by Archie formula. Similarity of values determined by different methods very well.
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Features of Gas Cap Oil
Analyses of obtained results and comparison of curves shows that expansion of gas cap promotes decrease of formation pressure drop rates. Besides, it has direct influence on residual oil reserves withdrawal and on oil recovery increase in central zone. If there was no breakthrough of free gas into development well in the process of well operation (through interlayer with good permeability), then oil recovery factor could be much more. Expansion of gas cap and breakthrough of free gas into well cause change in definite degree of oil and gas permeability phase, additional resistance occurrence and decrease of oil withdrawal. A large volume of gas cap causes growth of gas factor during development.
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Structural Tectonical Development Characteristics of Low Kura lowland
By M. YusifovIn the structural - tectonical plan formation of Low Kura lowland. It is possible to separate 3 stages. The first is Mezozoy and tectonical - structural plan created by formed soil complex in this stage. In this stage Kuryani lowland passed ocean stage of it is development and from this point is characterized relatively with slightly occurring of sediment accumulation process. But probably, the occurring of accretion in subduction zone available first in Tetis then in the north of Paratetis showed it is affection certainly for the formation of ocean sediment thickness. In the result of accretion the accumulated organic matter in the ocean sediment of this process is possible to say the reason for the accumulation in small site. From structural- tectonical aspect in the first stage the deep folds not and depth breakings were formed sharing and bordering to the blocks of the Kura lowland.
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The Black Sea – Evolution from Paleozoic Times to the Petroleum Century
By F. RosseletThe Black Sea Basin offshore sector is still immature in terms of exploration (less than 300 wells for 460,000 sq km). Less than 20 wells have been drilled in deep water areas, including wells of the DSDP project. The Black Sea is located in a complex tectonic area of the Tethyan domain, continuously involved in rifting and subduction processes since the Paleozoic. Paleotectonic models for the region are still subject to hot controversies but they are essential to better understand the hydrocarbons geology, especially in frontier areas with others prospective provinces (Moesian Platform, Rioni, Indol-Kuban, Pontides etc). Despite the lack of available data in this underexplored region, the Black Sea is now seeing renewed interests from international companies, since the petroleum legislation became more attractive for foreigner investors. Recent discoveries testify also the diversity of new play concepts for conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons resources.
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Some Features of Caspian – Kuba Region Geodynamics
Authors A.Y. Shahmurad, S.S. Gadjiyev and S.S. GadjiyevEvalution of Creaceous, Paleogene Low Neogenic oil and gas bearning deposits perspectives within Caspian - Kuba oil and gas bearning region is given on the basis of paleotectonic analysis that is one of the main criteria for oil and gas content definition.
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Petrographical and Geochemical Evidences for Magma Mixing in the Volcanic Rocks in the Sahand Volcano
By F. AliNowadays there are numerous evidences that indicate some magmas with intermediate composition have derived from contamination and mixing of magmas that have different composition. Petrographic studies on some tuffs and volcanic rocks in the Sahand area have indicated evidences for magma mixing phenomenon. This evidences are included: peresence of two (or three) type glass with different chemical composition, existence of basic micropillows in acidic matrix, existence of sieve texture in plagioclase phenocryst, corrosion and resorption of crystals, existence of zonation specially in plagioclase phenocryst and existence of quartz xenocrysts with pyroxene reaction rim. Also it is necessary to mention, although according to major and trace elements variation diagrams, the fractionation crystallization has been effective for evalution of alkali olivine basalt magma, but magma mixing process and contamination of magma with crustal materials have been also responsible for forming of rocks, specially, rocks with intermediate to acidic composition and made some anomalies in variation diagrams. Key words: Sahand, Plagioclase, Micropillow, Xenocryst.
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Formation of Oil and Gas Pools in Mesozoic Deposits in the Central Part of Southeast Subsidence of the Greater Caucasus
More LessMiddle Jurassic deposits within the limits of synclinal depressions of southeast part of Khizi tectonic zone have plunged into MOPH at the beginning of Valanginian stage, and were there up to the end of the Cretaceous period. From the beginning Paleogene up to present time they were in MGPH, where was generation only gaseous HC. In the most subsidence parts of a syncline zones in MOPH was a lower part lower Cretaceous deposits. Oil and gas pools of Mesozoic deposits were formed due to migration HC both in lateral, and in vertical directions. Optimum conditions for formation and preservations of these pools exist within the limits of near arch parts NE and under thrust parts of SW wings of folds in the SE parts Khizi tectonic zone.
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Thermal Maturities Based on Stable Carbon Isotope Composition Gases
More LessA comparison of calculated thermal maturity values based on the stable carbon isotope compositions with generalized modeled results obtained on several of the fields suggests that the gases have not formed in situ, but have vertically migrated.
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3D Facies Modeling of the Delta of the Holocene Volga River as an Analogue of South Caspian Pliocene Productive Series
The comprehensive data set has been collected during field campaign in the modern Volga delta. These data provide by a valuable information for the understanding of the reservoir heterogeneity of the Pliocene analogue of these sediments (Productive Series) as well as understanding of the influence of the sea-level change on the environmental shifts and stratal architecture.
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Lithphysical Description of the Rocks in the Gyuneshli Area Section
More LessThe mineralogy of these sandstones and siltstones is most commonly represented by feldspars, quartz, muscovite, sericite, biotite, epidote, zoisite, pyroxenes (augite and diopside), amphiboles, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, aragonite, celestine, anhydrite, barite, magnetite, pyrite, limonite, phosphates, sphene, zircon, garnet, tourmaline, rutile and anatase. Clay minerals include illite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and mixed-layer minerals, together with palygorskite and sepiolite.
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Paleogeography and Types of Pliocene Basins within South Caspian Trough
Authors C. Khalifa-Zade, V. Mursalov, R.A. Huseynov, V. Mursalov and R.A. HuseynovOn the paper is considered new versions on the paleogeographic envoiroment and types of pliocene basins within South Caspian trough. Authors in the base of complex sedimentology investigations with using some data seismic exploration and seismostratigraphic reconstruction are considered paleogeographic envoiroment of Pliocene deposits and determinated two types Pliocene baisins - early Pliocene closed graben-trench type and late Pliocene - open epicontinental type basin.
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Depositional Cycles and Sr/Ba Ratio in Baku Regiostage Succession in the Western Flank of the South Caspian Depression
By E.F. AmirovFor the first time very detailed study (centimeter scale) of outcrop was carried out for stratigraphy and environment of the Lower Pleistocene deposits cropped out in the Western flank of the South Caspian depression (Shikhovo exposure). The data obtained demonstrated the high-frequency cyclicity in sedimentation accompanied by rapid lateral and vertical depositional environment change. Most of these system tracts have not yet been studied in detail. The depositional setting during accumulation of this succession has changed within shore face-shelf environment. On the background of these cycles, the depositional series of a higher order containing sediments deposited during very small-scale sea level fall and rise occur. Some information contained in this document is the new data, due to more recent observations and interpretations.
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Facies Analysis of Triassic Formations of Hassi R’Mel in Southern Algeria by Using Well Logs - Recognition of Paleosoils
Authors R. Baouche, A. Nedjari, R. Chaouchi, S. Eladj, A. Nedjari, R. Chaouchi and S. EladjThe Saharan Triassic Province was the subject of many works dealing with geophysics and geology; they have always been insufficient compared to the surface of the Province. This work was not always exploited in an optimal and rigorous way. In fact, they are only related to levels representing an oil interest, with the detriment of the remainder which is also significant and one thus notices great insufficiencies in structural and stratigraphic analyses. The application of the results obtained during the faciologic analysis, starting from the data of the logs available at the level of the formations of Triassic of Hassi R' Mel made it possible, first, to define ten electro facies (Sandstone, argillaceous, Dolomite and evaporates as well as the presence of dolerite and clays), on the level of the wells of the zone of study.In one second stage, after development of a model , and to have checked it on other surveys, a semi-automatic processing data was carried out on 7 other drillings (Hr-81, Hr-78, Hr-52, Hr-55, Hr-23 and Hr-30).
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Analysis and Interpretation of Environment Sequence Models in the Triassic Province of Algeria
By R. BaoucheThe Saharan Triassic consisted of varied continental environments, namely, fluvial, flood plain, lake, Sebkha, and wind. In such a context, and during the periods of no deposition, physicochemical phenomena related to the climate and type of bedrock occur, leading to the formation of a more or less advanced ground related to the elapsed time between two phases of sedimentation. In the Saharan Triassic the context is different; however, one nevertheless finds the same expressions along with additional ones: silcrête, gypscrête, and calcrête. The formation models recognized on the level of the wells at Hassi R'Mel field are representative primarily of formations filled with siliciclastic, eruptive sediments and evaporate-type saliferous shale deposits. The top of the stratigraphic sequences is represented by discontinuities, modifications related to the pedogenesis and not characterized in the old models. This work therefore attempts to refine the above models by using a diagraph-based modeling approach (Gamma ray, neutron, sonic, density and resistivity) to examine the evolution of sequences. Lithography findings obtained using the results of faciologic analysis established for this purpose on the level of the Hassi R'Mel field are also used.
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Magnetic and Radioactive Profiling through a Fossil Mud Volcano in the Visinity of the Dead Sea Rift, Israel
More LessThe Hatrurim Formation or Mottled Zone that crops out in Israel and Jordan was recently recognized as a complex of fossil onshore mud volcanoes. Geophysical prospecting was performed along several levels of road cuts through Nabi Musa mud volcano edifice. The obtained magnetic pattern of mud volcano edifice may be used as an example of the interpretation of magnetic field over onshore mud volcanoes that are characterized by spontaneous ignition of hydrocarbon gases.
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The Estimation of Heterogeneous Reservoir Productivity Based on Well Log Data
By H. ShakarovOne of key parameters measured for productivity estimation at well cross-sections is the electrical resistance of rocks. This parameter varies within a wide range. One of the factors influencing on a value of electrical resistance is the mineralization of formation water which saturated rock. According to borehole observations of terrigenous rocks by geophysical logging data in the areas located at the Lower Kura and Absheron hydrocarbon-bearing regions, allows delineation of reservoirs characterized with different values of electrical resistance. Stated above factors are complicated well logging data. Processing, detection and productivity estimation of heterogeneous sand and clay reservoirs require special handling at such problem. Accounting of stratified shaliness is one of handling in such problem solving. Processing of laterologging data shows that the sounding curves against water-bearing reservoirs have a form of three-layer curve with higher penetration. Existence of the deep penetration at separated thin-bedding reservoir is possible to find by the comparison of maximum values of equivalent resistivity measured with sondes of various size. If the results are similar for all kind of sondes, then obvious that the increasing of apparent resistivity is caused by influence of anisotropy effects.
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Taman Peninsula Research with Use of Gravitational Field Anomalies
By A.A. ChernovThe study of a Taman peninsula geological structure is carried out on the basis of use of set of the geophysical data, that raises completenes and unambiguity of the decision. First of all, this increase of reliability of allocation of geophysical anomalies on a background of handicapes and more authentic estimation of a geological nature of the allocated anomalies. The basis of a geophysical complex on petroleum and gas prospect is a complex of a seismic with gravity. Described research were carried out on the basis of the analysis and new interpretation given precision gravitational observed data of scale 1:25 000, seismic 2D and 3D and drilling. As a result of the carried out works on the basis of the gravity are predicted perspective concerning detection of a HC zone. The connection of gravitational maxima with tops of high Cretaceous raisings is confirmed. On the basis of a complex of the data are constructed the predict scheme in scale 1:25 000.
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Hydrocarbon Exploration Activities and Play-Prospects of the Turkish Black Sea
Authors A. Demirer, V. Aydemir and C.T. MenlikliThe Black sea has an area of 436,400 km2 and most of this area is deep water with a maximum depth 2,200 m. 2/5th of this area is located within economic zone of Turkey so called Turkish Black Sea. Even though, the shelfal part of the Black Sea has been lightly explored; the deep water part of it is a frontier basin and has been barely scratched. The majority of the Turkish offshore Black Sea lies within ultra deep-water realm. Exploration efforts began in the early 1990’s by means of reconnaissance hydrocarbon exploration and flourished after 2002. These hydrocarbon exploration activities mainly consist of good quality exploration seismic (2D and 3D), gravity-magnetic, long offset seismic, onshore geological fieldwork. In total more than 70.000 km 2D, 11.000 km2 3D seismic have been acquired and 3 deep water wells two of them at the westernmost part one of them easternmost part have been drilled since 1999 (Figure-1). Most of these activities have been held by Turkish Petroleum Corporation, TPAO.
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